Chapter 14: the civil war

Taxation never provided the confederacy with very much revenue. What percent of the governments total income did taxation produce?

1%

While the production of all goods, agricultural and industrial, increased in the north during the war, What fraction did it decline by in the south

1/3

Compared to white soldiers, how much were African-American soldiers paid

1/3 less.

Abolished slavery as an institution in ALL parts of the United States.

13th amendment

How many men served in the union Armed Forces during the Civil War

2,000,000+

Un total, How much did the Union government borrow For the war, most of it in the form of loans from banks and large financial interests

2.6 billion

After fort Sumter was captured by the confederate states of America, how many and which southern states seceded from the union?

4: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina

By 1862, how many men were in the confederate military

500,000

The best known African-American fighting unit commanded by Robert Gould Shaw. Shaw and more than half his regiment died in a battle near Charleston, South Carolina in the summer of 1863.

54th Massachusetts infantry

How many Americans died in the Civil War

600,000 (almost equal to the total number of American deaths in all the nations other wars combined).

By the time Lincoln took office, how many, and which states had seceded

6: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas

How much did prices rise in the north during the Civil War? The south?

80%, 9000%

All the important material advantages lay within the north. It's population was more than twice as large as that of the south, and nearly 4 times as large as the non-slave population of the south. This meant that the union had a much greater manpower reserve for both it's armies and its workforce. The North had an advanced industrial system And was able by 1862 to manufacture almost all its own war materials. additionally, the North had a much better transportation system than the south, and in particular more and better railroads:Twice as much trackage as the confederacy, and a much better integrated system of lines.

Advantages of the north in the Civil War

The south was, for the most part, fighting a defensive war on its own land and thus had the advantage of local support and familiarity with the territory

Advantages of the south in the Civil War

A battle in the Civil War on September 17, 1862 between Confederate General Robert E Lee's Army Of Northern Virginia, and union general George McClellan's army of the Potomac. It was the bloodiest day in United States military history with 22,717 wounded, dead, or missing. The Union won.

Antietam

In a frantic attempt to raise men for the confederate army, what did the Confederate Congress do

Authorized the conscription of 300,000 slaves, but the war ended before this happened

Why was Lincoln a successful commander in chief of the union military

Because he realized that numbers and resources were on his side, and because he took advantage of the north's material advantages. He also realized that the objective of his armies was the destruction of the Confederate armies and not the occupation of southern territory

A founder of the American red cross who was active during the war in collecting and distributing medical supplies

Clara Barton

The most prominent copperhead in the country who was seized by military authorities and exiled to the confederacy after he made a speech claiming that the purpose of the war was to free the blacks and enslave the whites

Clement L Vallandingham

Acts passed by Congress which declared that all slaves used for "insurrectionary" purposes (in support of the confederate military effort) would be considered free. Laws in the spring of 1862 abolished slavery in Washington DC and in the western territories, and compensated owners. In the second confiscation act, which declared free the slaves of persons aiding & supporting the insurrection, & authorized the president to employ African-Americans as soldiers

Confiscation acts

Due to the fact that voluntary enlistments were declining in the confederacy, what did Congress enact, which subject at all white males between the ages of 18 and 35 to military service for three years

Conscription act

Helped strengthen the role of the government, accelerated the economic development of the north, made the republican party a powerful and enduring political force, devastated the economy of the south, had far-reaching effects on the south agricultural system and its politics, produced the end of slavery in the US

Effects of the Civil War

Occurred in the midst of considerable political dissension. The Republicans had suffered heavy losses in the congressional elections of 1862, and in response leaders of the party tried to create a broad coalition of all the groups that supported the war. They called the new organization the union party, but in reality it was a little more than the Republican party and a small faction of war Democrats. The union party nominated Lincoln for another term as president and Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, a war Democrat who had opposed his state's decision to secede, for vice presidency. The Democrats nominated George McClellan. Several northern victories, particularly the capture of Atlanta, Georgia, rejuvenated northern morale and boosted Republican prospects. Lincoln won reelection comfortably, and he carried every state except Kentucky, New Jersey, and Delaware. Had union victories not occurred when they did, and had Lincoln not made special arrangements to allow union troops to vote, the Democrats might have won.

Election of 1864

Who founded the national woman's loyal league in 1863 that worked simultaneously for the abolition of slavery and the awarding of suffrage to women

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony

President Lincoln's executive order to free all slaves in the confederacy. On January 1, 1863, he formally signed the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared forever free slaves in all areas of the confederacy except those already under union control (Tennessee, Western Virginia, & southern Louisiana). This did not apply to the border slave states, which had never seceded from the union and therefore were not subject to the presidents war powers. The proclamation only applied to slaves still under confederate control. This document was of great importance because it clearly and irrevocably established that the war was being fought not only to preserve the union but also to eliminate slavery. The proclamation led directly to the freeing of thousands of slaves.

Emancipation proclamation

True or false, the union and the Confederacy established a uniform currency system during the Civil War

False (National government, states, cities, and private banks issued their own notes.... disasterous inflation)

True or false, by the end of the war, confederate bureaucracy was smaller than its counterpart in the north

False, it was larger

True or false, there were formal political parties in the confederacy

False.

A fort on an island in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, garrisoned by a small force under major Robert Anderson. As the seceding states began seizing federal property, South Carolina sent commissioners to Washington to ask for the surrender of this fort, but Buchanan refused to yield it. Buchanan ordered an unarmed merchant ship to proceed to fort Sumter with additional troops and supplies. It was at this fort where the first shots between the north and the south were fired

Fort Sumter

Where did the Civil War begin

Fort Sumter (General PGT Beauregard, commander of the confederate forces, took the island by force)

Which generals did president Lincoln try to hire before he found Ulysses Grant

General Winfield Scott(Old, retired) George McClellan, Henry Halleck

Commander of the army of the Potomac and the most controversial general of the Civil War. He was a superb trainer of men, but he often appeared reluctant to commit his troops to battle. Opportunities for important engagements came and went, and he seemed never to take advantage of them, claiming always that his preparations were not yet complete or that the moment was not right. He was the union general in the battle of Antietam.

George McClellan

The new paper currency that was printed, which was backed not by gold or silver, but simply by the good faith and credit of the government. the value of these fluctuatedAccording to the fortunes of the Northern armies

Greenbacks

It was in this speech that Lincoln laid down several basic principles: since the union was older than the constitution, no state could leave it. Acts of force or violence to support secession were insurrectionary. And the government would "hold, occupy, and possess" federal property in the seceded states

Lincolns inaugural address

The largest source of financing for the war in the north

Loans from the American people (The treasury persuaded ordinary citizens to buy over $400 million worth of bonds, the first example of mass financing of a war in American history)

By the end of the war, Which two union slave states had abolished slavery. Which three confederate states occupied by Union forces abolished slavery

Maryland and Missouri......... Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana

What type of leaders was both the union government and the Confederate government dominated by throughout the war

Moderate leaders, and also dominated less by the old Aristocracy than by new or aristocrats (of whom Davis was the most prominent example)

This system eliminated much of the chaos and uncertainty in the nations currency and created a uniform system of national bank notes

National bank acts

Created a new national banking system

National bank acts of 1863 to 1864

After seven states seceded from the union by 1861, and formed a new nation called the confederate states of America, what did James Buchanan tell Congress?

No state had the right to secede from the union, but the federal government had no authority to stop a state if it did

What did the confederacy pay for the war with

Paper currency, which it began issuing in 1861 (it was unstable and destructive, and by 1864 the confederacy had issued a total of $1.5 billion in paper money)

Reasons why the north develop quicker economically

Political dominance of the republican party and it's promotion of nationalistic economic legislation, the expansion of certain sectors of the economy

What job positions did women enter during the war

Positions vacated by men, worked as teachers, office workers, etc., but mostly became NURSES (which used to be dominated by men).

What similarities between the north and the south for visible as they mobilized for war

Similarities in their political systems, methods for financing the war, methods for conscripting troops, and the way that they fought

Both the emancipation proclamation of 1863 and the 13th amendment of set 1865 are against :______________________________

Slavery

The diplomatic initiative lay within the__________

South (bc it needed to enlist the recognition and support of foreign governments)

Which southern state seceded from the union first

South Carolina

True or false, even though fewer blacks than whites died in combat, the black mortality rate was actually higher than the rate for white soldiers because so many black soldiers died of disease from working long, arduous hours in unsanitary conditions

True

True or false, financing the confederate war involves creating a national revenue system in a society unaccustomed to significant tax burdens.

True

True or false, in the first months of the war, African-Americans were largely excluded from the military

True

True or false, in the national bank act of 1863 to 1864, existing or newly formed banks could join the system if they had enough capital and were willing to invest 1/3 of it in government securities. In return, they could issue US treasury notes as currency

True

True or false, in the north, prices rose by more than 70% during the war while wages rose only about 40% (this was because immigration laws permitted workers to flood into the market to keep the wages low, and as a result of the increasing mechanization of production, which eliminated jobs for many)

True

True or false, many more white southerners were exempted from military service than Northerners. The wealthy southerners were often exempted from the war

True

True or false, people in both regions of the United States, north and south, had come to believe that the two distinct andincompatible civilizations had developed in the United States, and that those civilizations were in capable of living together in peace

True

True or false, resistance to conscription, food impressment (food riots occurred in GA, NC and Alabama), and taxation increased throughout the confederacy, as did hoarding and black market commerce

True

True or false, the Civil War brought about the re-definition of female roles and the awakening of a sense of independence & new possibilities for women

True

True or false, the Civil War produced prosperity and economic growth in the north by giving a major stimulus to both industry and agriculture

True

True or false, the Confederate Constitution was almost identical to the constitution of the United States

True

True or false, the Confederate government was not successful at borrowing, and issued bonds in vast amounts that the public lost faith in them and stopped buying them. Also, borrowing money in Europe with cotton did not work out well.

True

True or false, the South had a small and unstable banking system that had little capital to lend, and because most of the wealth in the south was invested in slaves and land, liquid assets were scarce

True

True or false, the Treasury issued only $450 million worth of paper currency, a small proportion of the cost of the war but enough to produce significant inflation

True

True or false, the confederacy FIRST raised a military by calling for volunteers

True

True or false, the confederate constitution explicitly acknowledged the sovereignty of the individual states (although not the right of secession) and it specifically sanctioned slavery and made its abolition ( even by one of the states) impossible

True

True or false, the problem of finding adequate commanders for the troops in the field plagued Lincoln throughout the first three years of the war. Lincoln tried to find a chief of staff capable of orchestrating the union war effort

True

True or false, the south did not grow enough food to meet its own needs because of the departure of white male workers to the confederate army, and the fact that the north blockaded the south so that they could not get resources

True

True or false, the union had to raise its army mostly from scratch because it originally consisted of only 16,000 troops, many of them stationed in the west to protect whites from Indians

True

True or false, twice as many soldiers died of diseases (malaria, dysentery, typhoid, gangrene, and others) as died in combat during the war

True

True or false, when Congress convened in 1861, it authoritized enlisting 500,000 volunteers for three-year terms, as opposed to the customary three month terms. This voluntary system of recruitment produced adequate forces only briefly

True

Lincoln's greatest political problem

Wide spread popular opposition to the war, mobilized by Democrats (because of this, he ordered military arrests of civilian dissenters and suspended the right of habeas corpus)

After the war, were there many thousands more women in the south than men?

Yes

Did Abraham Lincoln Increase the size of the regular army without receiving legislative authority to do so and unilaterally proclaim a naval blockade of the south?

Yes

Did the war speed the economic development of the north

Yes

Did people riot in New York City after the first names were selected for the conscription? Why?

Yes, they rioted. Many blamed African-Americans for the war, which they thought was being fought for the benefit of slaves who would soon be competing with white workers for jobs

He assembled a cabinet representing every faction of the republican party and every segment of Northern opinion

Lincoln's cabinet

What did Southerners believe would require the English and the French to intervene on the side of the confederacy

Their dependence on the textile industries of American cotton

Why did the union people feel uneasy about conscription

They were accustomed to a remote and in active national government, so opposition to the draft was widespread

In the confederacy, the fact that so many men left the farms and plantations to fight gave the task of keeping families together and maintaining agricultural production to women

True

True or false, Abraham Lincoln proclaimed that all persons who discourage enlistments or engaged and disloyal practices were subject to martial law. In all, more than 13,000 people were arrested and imprisoned for varying periods

True

True or false, Abraham Lincoln sent troops into battle without asking Congress for a declaration of war

True

A woman who created the first generation of mental asylums. She also led the US sanitary commission, an organization of civilian volunteers that mobilized large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals. By the end of the war, women were the dominant force in nursing.

Dorothea Dix

True or false, Confederate leaders were even more terrified of slave revolts during the war than they had been in peacetime, and they enforced slave codes and other regulations with particular severity

True

True or false, Lincoln defied all efforts to curb his authority to suppress opposition

True

True or false, almost all the major battles in the war occurred within the confederacy

True

Cut off Southern planters and producers from the markets in the north on which they had depended, made the sale of cotton overseas more difficult, Robbed farms and industries that did not have large slave populations of a male workforce

Economic and social effects of the war in the south

The first compromise proposed with the confederate states of America that called for several constitutional amendments which would guarantee the permanent existence of slavery and the slave states and would satisfy southern demands on such issues as fugitive slaves and slavery in the district of Columbia. The heart of this plan was a proposal to reestablish the Missouri compromise line in all present and future territory of the United States. Republicans in the north we're not willing to accept this at all

Crittenden compromise

The Northern armies were fighting mostly within the south, with long lines of communications, amid hostile local populations, and with access only to the south's own inadequate transportation system.

Disadvantages of the north in the Civil War

The South had almost no industry at all and, despite impressive efforts to increase its manufacturing capacity, had to rely on imports from Europe throughout the war. Also, the south had an inferior railroad system that steadily deteriorated and almost collapsed by 1864

Disadvantages of the south in the Civil War

The greatest source of division in the south was not the differences of opinion over the war, but the ____________

Doctrine of states rights

An aggressively nationalistic program to promote economic development, particularly in the west. This act permitted any citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and to purchase it for a small fee after living on it for five years. The morrill land grant act of the same year transferred substantial public acreage to the state governments, which were to sell the land and use the proceeds to finance public education. This act led to the creation of many new state colleges and universities, the so-called land grant institutions.

Homestead act of 1862

President of the Confederacy who had been a moderate secessionist before the war. He ended up being an unsuccessful president. He was a reasonably able administrator and the dominating figure in his government, encountering little interference from the general team members of his unstable cabinet and serving as his own secretary of war. But he rarely provided genuine national leader ship.

Jefferson Davis

President and vice president of the confederacy

Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stevens

And what three ways did the government to try to finance the war itself?

Levying taxes (on almost all goods and services....also introduced income taxes), issuing paper currency, borrowing

What happened when the north made a naval blockade of the south

The South experienced massive shortages of everything

True or false, as A part of the Republican economic policy during the war, Congress passed a series of tariff bills (in the north) that by the end of the war had raised duties to the highest level in the nation's history (A great boom to domestic industries eager for protection from foreign competition)

True

True or false, as the war began, all the important material advantages lay within the north.Its population was more than twice as large as the south, so the union had a much greater manpower for its armies and workforce

True

True or false, coal production increased by nearly 20% during the war

True

True or false, due to the fact that the overseers for whom slaves were accustomed to working for were away at war, the slaves found it easier to resist the authority of women and boys left behind to manage the farms

True

True or false, due to the shortage of manpower in the south, the Confederate Congress eventually began trying to draft men as young as 17 and as old as 50. Nothing could attract or retain an adequate army any longer.

True

When Congress moved to complete the transcontinental railroad, it created two new federally chartered corporations. What are these called?

The Union Pacific railroad company (build Westward) & The central pacific(built eastward from ca) Government provided land & money for this

What made Abraham Lincoln's election a powerful factor in the movement towards war

The fact that he was in anti slavery supporter