Chapter 15

Disadvantages of Group therapy

- need to share the therapist's time with others in the group - lack of a private setting in which to reveal concerns - inability of people with severe disorders to tolerate being in a group

Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

- therapeutic alliance: the relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding - protected setting - opportunity for catharsis - learning and practice of new behaviors - positive experiences for the client

An estimated _______ of people feel that psychotherapy has helped them. 75-90 percent 55-70 percent 15-25 percent 35-40 percent

75-90 percent

Which of the following is NOT true about self-help/support groups? The leader of the group has the same problem as the rest of the group members. A therapist leads the group meetings. They are free. They are formed around a particular problem such as alcoholism or drug abuse.

A therapist leads the group meetings.

Philippe Pinel became famous for:

demanding that the mentally ill be treated with kindness, personally unlocking the chains of inmates in France

In the Middle Ages, mental illness was thought to be caused by demonic possession. poor nutrition. bacterial infections. isolation during childhood.

demonic possession.

Four areas to consider when evaluating whether or not someone needs professional help include distress, dysfunction, danger to themselves or others, and delusion. depression. defense mechanisms. deviance.

deviance.

Gestalt therapy is a(n) _____ therapy perspective. nondirective archaic averse directive

directive

Many modern-day psychoanalysts are much more _____ than Freud would have been. cognitive person-centered nondirective directive

directive

Psychologists think that low _______________________ causes anxiety sensitivity, which can lead to anxiety disorders. distress tolerance desensitization stress assimilation testosterone

distress tolerance

Directive:

actively giving interpretations of a client's statements in therapy, even suggesting certain behavior or actions

Rational-emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) was developed by: B. F. Skinner. Albert Ellis. Sigmund Freud. Carl Rogers.

Albert Ellis.

Which of the following is true regarding the delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy? Cognitive behavioral therapy can be delivered in any setting, but it is most effective in groups. Cognitive behavioral therapy is only effective when delivered in a group setting. Cognitive behavioral therapy is only effective when delivered in a one-on-one setting. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be delivered in both one-on-one and group settings.

Cognitive behavioral therapy can be delivered in both one-on-one and group settings.

______ is psychotherapy that is offered on the Internet. Internet interpretational therapy IP-centric therapy Cybertherapy Technological psychoanalysis

Cybertherapy

_____________ relates to whether a person can maintain connections with family and friends and to how well the individual can participate in daily activities. Distress Deviance Delusions Dysfunction

Dysfunction

free association

Freudian technique in which a patient is encouraged to talk about anything that comes to mind without fear of negative evaluations

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies Three goals:

Relieve the symptoms and solve the problems. Help develop strategies for solving future problems. Help change irrational, distorted thinking

Which of the following is a danger of seeking psychological treatment over the Internet? The long amounts of time a client spends on the computer causes an increase in personality disorders due to lack of interpersonal communication. The lack of interpersonal communication causes a higher suicide rate for people seeking treatment online. There is no guarantee that a cybertherapist has any credentials or training in psychotherapy. The potential for identity theft increases.

There is no guarantee that a cybertherapist has any credentials or training in psychotherapy.

Self-help group (support group):

a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support

Person-centered therapy

a nondirective insight therapy in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens -based on Carl Rogers

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT):

action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically

In the 1950s, scientists discovered ______________, and over time, due to the effectiveness of this treatment, many institutionalized patients were released and treated on an outpatient basis. anti-psychotic drugs SSRIs tranquilizer chairs cognitive behavioral therapy

anti-psychotic drugs

Although psychologists have discovered both drug treatments and psychological treatments that are effective in treating anxiety disorders, drug treatments are not as enduring in their effects as psychological treatments. are more enduring in their effects than psychological treatments. do not work as quickly in providing relief from anxiety. can have fewer negative side effects than psychological treatments.

are not as enduring in their effects as psychological treatments.

The word _____ means "a place of safety." asylum empathy alliance therapy

asylum

Rogers four elements of Person-centered therapy

authenticity, unconditional positive regard, empathy reflection

Prescott has an irrational fear of spiders and has begun working with a therapist to conquer his phobia. His therapist begins a process of desensitization, continually exposing Prescott to spiders until his anxiety eventually lessens. This is an example of humanistic therapy. psychodynamic therapy. behavior therapy. psychoanalysis.

behavior therapy.

Systematic desensitization:

behavioral technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears

Exposure therapy:

behavioral techniques that introduce the client to situations (under carefully controlled conditions) that are related to their anxieties or fears

How might a psychologist help a patient become more comfortable with sensations associated with panic disorder, such as a racing heart? by having the patient write down all of the sensations that scare him or her by engaging the patients in exercises or situations that mimic the sensation, such as running in place, to demonstrate that the sensation is not actually dangerous by hypnotizing the patient and suggesting that he or she no longer feels these sensations when anxious by isolating patients and engaging in intense talk therapy until the patient is cured

by engaging the patients in exercises or situations that mimic the sensation, such as running in place, to demonstrate that the sensation is not actually dangerous

Behavior therapies:

can be effective in treating specific problems, such as bedwetting, drug addictions, and phobias ; can also help improve some of the more troubling behavioral symptoms associated with more severe disorders

Group therapy is most useful to persons who:

cannot afford individual therapy, may obtain a great deal of social and emotional support from other group members

Which of the following types of therapy were introduced during the 1960s and 1970s? humanistic and brain imaging therapies humanistic and psychodynamic therapies cognitive and psychoanalytic therapies cognitive and behavioral therapies

cognitive and behavioral therapies

Which of the following types of therapy focuses on unlearning negative thought patterns and making them more positive, essentially reframing how the individual perceives certain situations? psychodynamic therapy cognitive behavioral therapy biomedical therapy person-centered therapy

cognitive behavioral therapy

Kate is trying to quit smoking. Her therapist has her write out and sign a formal agreement that outlines goals, tasks, and penalties to help her change her behavior. It also outlines rewards she will receive as she meets each milestone. Kate has entered into a(n): participant modeling scenario. extinction therapy. contingency contract. token economy.

contingency contract.

Four barriers to effective psychotherapy

culture-bound values, class-bound values, language, nonverbal communication

In the mid-twentieth century, treatments such as _______________ and _______________ were used to treat severe, persistent mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); lobotomies burning; torture brain imaging and anti-psychotic drugs isolation; tranquilizer chairs

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); lobotomies

Meredith tells her therapist, Dr. Shepherd, that her mother recently died and she's been experiencing suicidal thoughts. Dr. Shepherd responds by explaining that he can imagine that she must be feeling angry and abandoned. Dr. Shepherd is displaying ______, a key element in person-centered therapy. authenticity empathy reflection unconditional positive regard

empathy

Deviance refers to behavior that falls well outside accepted social norms. makes other people uncomfortable. is different on a day-to-day basis. is too rigid.

falls well outside accepted social norms.

A technique in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to fear-provoking situations or objects and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response is: modeling. aversion therapy. flooding. systematic desensitization.

flooding.

Aversion therapy:

form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior

Gestalt therapy:

form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing

Humanistic, or person-centered, therapy is characterized by the belief that people get better after they accept the fact that they must take appropriate medication. have the ability to change their own mental well-being for the better. can only get better with the full support of their family members. can only get better if they submit completely to the therapist.

have the ability to change their own mental well-being for the better.

When considering distress as factor in deciding whether someone needs professional help, we should consider how a person's friends and family perceive their behaviors. how appropriate a person's emotional response is to a situation. whether a person is going to harm him- or herself. how often a person gets upset about certain situations.

how appropriate a person's emotional response is to a situation.

Modeling:

learning through the observation and imitation of others

Advantages of Group therapy

low cost - exposure to other people with similar problems; social interaction with others - social and emotional support from people with similar disorders or problems

Pam has a dream that she's in the grocery store and can't find her children. Her therapist uses this actual dream imagery, or ______ content to learn about issues that might be important to Pam. He will first have to take this actual dream scenario and interpret it for its underlying symbols. transference directive manifest latent

manifest

Lithium is a type of _____ drug. antianxiety mood stabilizing antidepressant antipsychotic

mood stabilizing

resistance

occurs when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, either changing the subject or becoming silent

Daniel failed a math test. Upon receiving his grade, Daniel believed that he must be bad at math and therefore would fail the class, be unable to get into college, and would have to work in fast food for the rest of his life. Daniel is exhibiting: selective thinking. overgeneralization. magnification and minimization. arbitrary inference.

overgeneralization.

While treating a child with a fear of swimming, the therapist first approaches the water, then touches the water, then stands in the water waist-deep, and finally floats in the water. The therapist then repeats the steps with the child. This is an example of: classical conditioning. aversion therapy. participant modeling. reinforcement.

participant modeling.

Which of the following therapies focuses on uncovering events, conflicts, and issues that have occurred during a person's childhood and may be causing conflict in the person's adult life? behavior therapy person-centered therapy cognitive behavioral therapy psychoanalysis

psychoanalysis

Nora suffers from depression. Her doctor prescribes antidepressant medication. Her doctor is using _____ to treat her. biological therapy psychodynamic therapy psychopharmacology psychoanalysis

psychopharmacology

insight therapies:

psychotherapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings

action therapy:

psychotherapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly

As Kenya explained to her therapist the current problems and feelings with which she was dealing, her therapist simply responded by restating to Kenya what he had heard her say, allowing Kenya to gain insight into her own problems. Kenya's therapist was using which of the following techniques? transference authenticity reflection empathy

reflection

Electroconvulsive therapy is still used to treat: hallucinations. phobias. paranoia. severe depression.

severe depression.

Dr. Aman treats individuals who have phobic disorders by having them relax, then instructing them to visualize the feared object while the intensity of the visualization is gradually increased. All the while, the clients maintain relaxation. Dr. Aman appears to be using the technique called ________. flooding aversion therapy reflection systematic desensitization

systematic desensitization

flooding:

technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fearprovoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response

participant modeling:

technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model

empathy:

the ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client

manifest content:

the actual content of one's dream -based on Freud

In general, where is the first place a college student should go to seek help for mental health issues on campus? the campus counseling center the dean of students campus police the admissions office

the campus counseling center

authenticity:

the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client

The success rate of therapy often depends on the therapist's level of experience. the number of times per week the individual attends sessions. the individual's personality and how well they get along with their therapist. whether the individual is willing to take medication as well as undergo therapy.

the individual's personality and how well they get along with their therapist.

Mentally ill people began to be confined to institutions called asylums in:

the mid-1500s

Which of the following is an advantage of group therapy? the work of the therapist is essentially done by the other participants the opportunity for the therapist and the client to observe how the client interacts with others fostering confrontation for people to transfer their hostilities in a safe environment forcing shy people to overcome their issues

the opportunity for the therapist and the client to observe how the client interacts with others

latent content

the symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams

transference:

the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist

reflection:

the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements

unconditional positive regard:

the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy

nondirective:

therapeutic style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgmental listener while the client talks

Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on the interaction of thoughts and repressed conflicts in the unconscious mind culture, biology, and history. thoughts, feelings (both emotions and physiological sensations), and behavior. environment, genetics, and emotions.

thoughts, feelings (both emotions and physiological sensations), and behavior.

Reflection is the technique the therapist must use: to show genuine openness and honesty and treat the client in a nonjudgmental environment. to ensure the client is treated in an atmosphere of love, warmth, respect, and affection. to acknowledge what the clients are feeling and experiencing in order to project understanding. to allow clients to have insights without the interference of the therapist's ideas.

to allow clients to have insights without the interference of the therapist's ideas.

Which of the following is a goal of cognitive behavioral therapy? to help the client uncover repressed childhood traumas to help the client find meaning in his or her life to help the client learn how to respond differently to his or her emotions to help the client cut out negative influences in his or her life

to help the client learn how to respond differently to his or her emotions

antidepressant drugs:

used to treat depression and anxiety

antianxiety drugs:

used to treat and calm anxiety reactions

mood-stabilizing drugs:

used to treat bipolar disorder ex: include lithium and certain anticonvulsant drugs

antipsychotic drugs:

used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior