Chapter 15 A&P II

In response to a specific stimulus, autonomic reflex arcs can trigger which responses?

1. Secretion by glands 2. Cardiac muscle contraction 3. Smooth muscle contraction

Which sympathetic pathway uses the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine to prolong the effects of the sympathetic stimulation?

Adrenal medulla pathway

______________ two receptors are found in the pancreas and inhibit insulin secretion.

Alpha

Which works constantly with the somatic nervous system to regulate body organs and maintain normal internal functions?

Autonomic Nervous System

Norepinephrine fits into which categories?

Biogenic amine Catecholamine Monomine

Which regions of the central nervous system play a role in regulating the autonomic nervous system?

Brain Stem Hypothalamus Spinal Cord

Which cranial nerve provides the parasympathetic innervation that causes the pupil to constrict when the eye is exposed to bright light?

CN III-Oculomotor

The ciliary muscle and the iris of the eye receive postganglionic axons from which ganglion?

Ciliary ganglion

___________ effects are seen when the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system have different effects that together produce a single, distinct result.

Cooperative

Which is a result of sympathetic stimulation of the muscles of the iris?

Dilation of the pupil Contraction of the radial muscle of the iris

Which are ligands for adrenergic receptors?

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Which are effectors of the autonomic nervous system?

Glands Smooth Muscle Cells Cardiac Muscle Cells

The ________________ is the integration and command center for autonomic functions.

Hypothalamus

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on secretion from the parotid salivary glands?

Increase in secretion

Parasympathetic innervation from the postganglionic axons of the pterygopalatine ganglion cause the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity and palate to __________.

Increase secretion

Which systemic changes accompany sympathetic stimulation?

Increased breathing rate, Increased heart rate, Increased Blood Pressure

Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve has the following effects on the digestive tract organs.

Increased secretory activity Increased smooth muscle motility

This area of gray matter of the spinal cord in segments T1-L2 houses the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons:

Lateral Horn

Stimulation of the reticular activation system causes a heightened sense of alertness during _____________.

Mass activation of the sympathetic division

Sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating thoracic viscera extend from neuron cell bodies within the ___________.

Middle cervical ganglion inferior cervical ganglion

These chemicals can bind to and activate the receptor: Muscarinic Nicotinic Mushroom poison Chemical in tobacco plants

Muscarinic: Mushroom Poison Nicotinic: Chemical in tobacco plants

Which neurotransmitter(s) may be bound by an adrenergic receptor?

Norepinephrine Epinephrine

Nerves (Face) top-bottom

Oculomotor Facial Glossopharyngeal Vagus

In the two branches of the autonomic nervous system, how many types of effectors are targeted to accomplish effecs on the GI tract?

One

Which division of the autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis when we are at rest?

Parasympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest-and-digest" division and is responsible for conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores?

Parasympathetic division

Match the clinical symptom seen in Horner Syndrome to its description: Posis Miosis Anhydrosis constricted pupils lack of sweat drooping of the superior eyelid

Ptosis: drooping of the superior eyelid Miosis: constricted pupil Anhydrosis: Lack of sweat

Which organs receive postganglionic axons from the inferior mesenteric ganglion?

Reproductive Organs, Rectum, Urinary Bladder

Voluntary activities of the body, like throwing a ball or walking outside, are under the control of the

Somatic Nervous System

which organs are innervated by postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion?

Spleen Liver Stomach

Postganglionic axons from the __________ _____________ ganglion innervate the distal half of the duodenum, part of the pancreas, the remainder of the small intestine, the proximal part of the large intestine, the kidneys, and the proximal part of the uterus.

Superior Mesenteric

Which division of the autonomic nervous system exhibits a mass activation response during stressful situations, stimulating all innervated components at once?

Sympathetic Division

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is also known as the thoracolumbar division?

Sympathetic Division

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is called the "fight or flight" division because it is primarily concerned with preparing the body for emergencies?

Sympathetic Division

Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within the spinal nerves numbered ________ to __________.

T1 to L2

True/False: The autonomic nervous system is also called the visceral nervous system.

True

Which cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs, most abdominal organs, and the gonads?

Vagus (CN X)

Which are effects of the gastrointestinal reflex on the gastrointestinal tract?

Vigorous contraction of rectal smooth muscle Increased secretion from gastric glands

Which are types of adrenergic receptors?

a1, b2

All postganglionic axons and a few postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmiter _____________ onto the effector.

acetylcholine

All preganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system release the neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitters are used in the autonomic nervous system?

acetylcholine norepinephrine

________ and ________ are the neurotransmitters used in the autonomic nervous system.

acetylcholine norepinephrine

Axons that release norepinephrine are called

adrenergic

most smooth muscles cells have _____________ one adrenergic receptors

alpha

Generally, the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the same organ are ______, opposing each other to produce different results.

antagonistic

The branch of the nervous system most closely associated with maintaining homeostasis is the ____________ nervous system

autonomic

The branch of the nervous system most closely associated with maintaining homeostasis is the ____________ nervous system.

autonomic

The continuous activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is called _____________ ___________.

autonomic tone

Which effectors have alpha-1 receptors?

blood vessels in the GI tract uterus arrector pili muscles

In which structures would you find muscarinic receptors?

blood vessels in the skeletal muscles sweat glands all parasympathetic receptors

The centers for cardiac, digestive, and vasomotor functions are housed within the ____________.

brainstem

The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate in the _______________.

brainstem Lateral gray matter of s2-s4

The __________ ganglion is adjacent to the origin of the celiac artery.

ceilac

The most superior of the prevertebral ganglia is the _______________ ganglion.

celiac

control of the autonomic nervous system by the hypothalamus is directly influenced by conscious activities in the ____________ cortex

cerebral

The autonomic and somatic nervous systems can be distinguished by whether or not we are _____________ of the processes they control.

conscious

In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to __________ while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to dilate.

constrict

Parasympathetic innervation of the bladder causes ________.

contraction of the smooth muscle in the bladder wall

The location of preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system allow it to be also known as the ___________ division.

craniosacral

parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the heart rate to _____________.

decrease

Which structures receive sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion?

dilator pupillae muscle of they eye smooth muscles in blood vessels of neck sweat glands of the head

Visceral effectors innervated by postganglionic axons from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system have _________

dual innervation

The adrenal medulla releases both ____________ and ______________ into the bloodstream.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The ____________ ___________ ganglion is adjacent to the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery.

inferior mesenteric

White rami communicantes have a whitish appearance because they contain preganglionic axons which are ____________.

myelinated

Which occurs when axons from numerous preganglionic cells synapse on a single ganglionic cell?

neuronal convergence

____________ acetylcholine receptors open sodium channels to excite a cell, while ____________ acetylcholine receptors maybe have stimulatory or inhibitory effects.

nicotinic muscarinic

The ___________ salivary gland receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

parotid

The distal portion of the large intestine, rectum, most of the reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and distal part of the ureter receive parasympathetic innervation from the ______________ splanchnic nerves.

pelvic

The postganglionic axon extends away from the sympathetic trunk ganglion and goes directly to the effector organ in a/an ___________.

postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

Most impulses traveling down a pathway in the autonomic nervous system first use a _____________ neuron and then a ____________ neuron.

preganglionic ganglionic

In which structure will you find nicotinic receptors?

skeletal muscle, adrenal medulla, postganglionic neurons

The white rami communicates connect the _____________ nerves to each sympathetic trunk.

spinal

Which are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?

splanchnic nerves

What visceral sensory stimulus triggers the autonomic reflex causing the reduction of blood pressure?

stretching of the walls of the large vessels

Which autonomic ganglion is located near the angle of the mandible?

submandibular

Postganglionic axons from which autonomic ganglion supply the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands in the floor of the mouth?

submandibular ganglion

The middle of the three prevertebral ganglia is the _______________ _________________ ganglion.

superior mesenteric

The __________ preganglionic axons tend to have many branches (more than 20).

sympathetic

The ____________ nervous system is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is involved in the "fight or flight" reflex.

sympathetic

the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ___________ division and ____________ division

sympathetic parasympathetic

The terminal branches of sympathetic axons contain swollen beads called ____________ knobs

synaptic

Ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous systems located close to the target organ (but not in the walls of the target organs) are known as ____________.

terminal ganglia

The vagus nerve innervates ___________________

the thoracic organs and most abdominal organs

What is the basic function of the autonomic nervous system?

to maintain homeostasis

Two autonomic responses processed and controlled at the level of the spinal cord are ________.

urination defecation

Prevertebral ganglia are located anterior to the _______________ ________________ on the anterolateral surface of the _______________.

vertebral column aorta

Stimuli associated with blood vessels or internal organs are detected by the __________ sensory structures.

visceral