Chapter 15 A&P II
In response to a specific stimulus, autonomic reflex arcs can trigger which responses?
1. Secretion by glands 2. Cardiac muscle contraction 3. Smooth muscle contraction
Which sympathetic pathway uses the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine to prolong the effects of the sympathetic stimulation?
Adrenal medulla pathway
______________ two receptors are found in the pancreas and inhibit insulin secretion.
Alpha
Which works constantly with the somatic nervous system to regulate body organs and maintain normal internal functions?
Autonomic Nervous System
Norepinephrine fits into which categories?
Biogenic amine Catecholamine Monomine
Which regions of the central nervous system play a role in regulating the autonomic nervous system?
Brain Stem Hypothalamus Spinal Cord
Which cranial nerve provides the parasympathetic innervation that causes the pupil to constrict when the eye is exposed to bright light?
CN III-Oculomotor
The ciliary muscle and the iris of the eye receive postganglionic axons from which ganglion?
Ciliary ganglion
___________ effects are seen when the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system have different effects that together produce a single, distinct result.
Cooperative
Which is a result of sympathetic stimulation of the muscles of the iris?
Dilation of the pupil Contraction of the radial muscle of the iris
Which are ligands for adrenergic receptors?
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Which are effectors of the autonomic nervous system?
Glands Smooth Muscle Cells Cardiac Muscle Cells
The ________________ is the integration and command center for autonomic functions.
Hypothalamus
What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on secretion from the parotid salivary glands?
Increase in secretion
Parasympathetic innervation from the postganglionic axons of the pterygopalatine ganglion cause the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity and palate to __________.
Increase secretion
Which systemic changes accompany sympathetic stimulation?
Increased breathing rate, Increased heart rate, Increased Blood Pressure
Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve has the following effects on the digestive tract organs.
Increased secretory activity Increased smooth muscle motility
This area of gray matter of the spinal cord in segments T1-L2 houses the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons:
Lateral Horn
Stimulation of the reticular activation system causes a heightened sense of alertness during _____________.
Mass activation of the sympathetic division
Sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating thoracic viscera extend from neuron cell bodies within the ___________.
Middle cervical ganglion inferior cervical ganglion
These chemicals can bind to and activate the receptor: Muscarinic Nicotinic Mushroom poison Chemical in tobacco plants
Muscarinic: Mushroom Poison Nicotinic: Chemical in tobacco plants
Which neurotransmitter(s) may be bound by an adrenergic receptor?
Norepinephrine Epinephrine
Nerves (Face) top-bottom
Oculomotor Facial Glossopharyngeal Vagus
In the two branches of the autonomic nervous system, how many types of effectors are targeted to accomplish effecs on the GI tract?
One
Which division of the autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis when we are at rest?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest-and-digest" division and is responsible for conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores?
Parasympathetic division
Match the clinical symptom seen in Horner Syndrome to its description: Posis Miosis Anhydrosis constricted pupils lack of sweat drooping of the superior eyelid
Ptosis: drooping of the superior eyelid Miosis: constricted pupil Anhydrosis: Lack of sweat
Which organs receive postganglionic axons from the inferior mesenteric ganglion?
Reproductive Organs, Rectum, Urinary Bladder
Voluntary activities of the body, like throwing a ball or walking outside, are under the control of the
Somatic Nervous System
which organs are innervated by postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion?
Spleen Liver Stomach
Postganglionic axons from the __________ _____________ ganglion innervate the distal half of the duodenum, part of the pancreas, the remainder of the small intestine, the proximal part of the large intestine, the kidneys, and the proximal part of the uterus.
Superior Mesenteric
Which division of the autonomic nervous system exhibits a mass activation response during stressful situations, stimulating all innervated components at once?
Sympathetic Division
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is also known as the thoracolumbar division?
Sympathetic Division
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is called the "fight or flight" division because it is primarily concerned with preparing the body for emergencies?
Sympathetic Division
Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within the spinal nerves numbered ________ to __________.
T1 to L2
True/False: The autonomic nervous system is also called the visceral nervous system.
True
Which cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs, most abdominal organs, and the gonads?
Vagus (CN X)
Which are effects of the gastrointestinal reflex on the gastrointestinal tract?
Vigorous contraction of rectal smooth muscle Increased secretion from gastric glands
Which are types of adrenergic receptors?
a1, b2
All postganglionic axons and a few postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmiter _____________ onto the effector.
acetylcholine
All preganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system release the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitters are used in the autonomic nervous system?
acetylcholine norepinephrine
________ and ________ are the neurotransmitters used in the autonomic nervous system.
acetylcholine norepinephrine
Axons that release norepinephrine are called
adrenergic
most smooth muscles cells have _____________ one adrenergic receptors
alpha
Generally, the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the same organ are ______, opposing each other to produce different results.
antagonistic
The branch of the nervous system most closely associated with maintaining homeostasis is the ____________ nervous system
autonomic
The branch of the nervous system most closely associated with maintaining homeostasis is the ____________ nervous system.
autonomic
The continuous activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is called _____________ ___________.
autonomic tone
Which effectors have alpha-1 receptors?
blood vessels in the GI tract uterus arrector pili muscles
In which structures would you find muscarinic receptors?
blood vessels in the skeletal muscles sweat glands all parasympathetic receptors
The centers for cardiac, digestive, and vasomotor functions are housed within the ____________.
brainstem
The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate in the _______________.
brainstem Lateral gray matter of s2-s4
The __________ ganglion is adjacent to the origin of the celiac artery.
ceilac
The most superior of the prevertebral ganglia is the _______________ ganglion.
celiac
control of the autonomic nervous system by the hypothalamus is directly influenced by conscious activities in the ____________ cortex
cerebral
The autonomic and somatic nervous systems can be distinguished by whether or not we are _____________ of the processes they control.
conscious
In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to __________ while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to dilate.
constrict
Parasympathetic innervation of the bladder causes ________.
contraction of the smooth muscle in the bladder wall
The location of preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system allow it to be also known as the ___________ division.
craniosacral
parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the heart rate to _____________.
decrease
Which structures receive sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion?
dilator pupillae muscle of they eye smooth muscles in blood vessels of neck sweat glands of the head
Visceral effectors innervated by postganglionic axons from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system have _________
dual innervation
The adrenal medulla releases both ____________ and ______________ into the bloodstream.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
The ____________ ___________ ganglion is adjacent to the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery.
inferior mesenteric
White rami communicantes have a whitish appearance because they contain preganglionic axons which are ____________.
myelinated
Which occurs when axons from numerous preganglionic cells synapse on a single ganglionic cell?
neuronal convergence
____________ acetylcholine receptors open sodium channels to excite a cell, while ____________ acetylcholine receptors maybe have stimulatory or inhibitory effects.
nicotinic muscarinic
The ___________ salivary gland receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
parotid
The distal portion of the large intestine, rectum, most of the reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and distal part of the ureter receive parasympathetic innervation from the ______________ splanchnic nerves.
pelvic
The postganglionic axon extends away from the sympathetic trunk ganglion and goes directly to the effector organ in a/an ___________.
postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
Most impulses traveling down a pathway in the autonomic nervous system first use a _____________ neuron and then a ____________ neuron.
preganglionic ganglionic
In which structure will you find nicotinic receptors?
skeletal muscle, adrenal medulla, postganglionic neurons
The white rami communicates connect the _____________ nerves to each sympathetic trunk.
spinal
Which are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?
splanchnic nerves
What visceral sensory stimulus triggers the autonomic reflex causing the reduction of blood pressure?
stretching of the walls of the large vessels
Which autonomic ganglion is located near the angle of the mandible?
submandibular
Postganglionic axons from which autonomic ganglion supply the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands in the floor of the mouth?
submandibular ganglion
The middle of the three prevertebral ganglia is the _______________ _________________ ganglion.
superior mesenteric
The __________ preganglionic axons tend to have many branches (more than 20).
sympathetic
The ____________ nervous system is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is involved in the "fight or flight" reflex.
sympathetic
the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ___________ division and ____________ division
sympathetic parasympathetic
The terminal branches of sympathetic axons contain swollen beads called ____________ knobs
synaptic
Ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous systems located close to the target organ (but not in the walls of the target organs) are known as ____________.
terminal ganglia
The vagus nerve innervates ___________________
the thoracic organs and most abdominal organs
What is the basic function of the autonomic nervous system?
to maintain homeostasis
Two autonomic responses processed and controlled at the level of the spinal cord are ________.
urination defecation
Prevertebral ganglia are located anterior to the _______________ ________________ on the anterolateral surface of the _______________.
vertebral column aorta
Stimuli associated with blood vessels or internal organs are detected by the __________ sensory structures.
visceral
