Chapter 15 and Chapter 16

helping relationships outside the group

reslove misunderstanding and develop new relationship

Limitations of adlerian groups

the group leader's style, lack of uniformity, weak research

double and multiple double

the group member designated by the director takes on the role of the protagonist's alter ego and helps the protagonist express inner feelings.

self-talk

the messages people give themselves internally

impasses

the place in which they get stuck

Woollams and Brown view the process that leads to a desired outcome in TA through seven steps

1.trust in the other 2.trust in self 3.moving into group 4.work 5.redecision 6.integration 7.termination

person centered group leaders carry out five distinct functions

conveying acceptance, attending to others, understanding meaning and content, conveying warmth and empathy, and linking

third degree games

cops and robbers-deadly and play for keeps

strength of existential groups

deal with ultimate issues in life and present their members with opprotunities to explore values and lifestyles. second benifit is they provide a framework for other forms of group work. deal with group members holistically.

person centered group leaders

derive their direction from the group members

Adlerian parent education group

developmental and preventive aspects of parenting are explained. inspire parents to consider the dynamics and purpose of their children's behaviors

cognitive disputation

direct questioning, reasoning, and persusaion

child ego state

divided into two parts. The Adaptive Child conforms to the rules and wishes of parent ego states within the self and others. It is compliant and easy to get along with. The free child (or natural child) reacts more spontaneously; it has fun and is more curious and playful.

people can make their lives meaningful in one of 3 ways according to frankl

doing a deed, or achieving or accomplishing something. experiencing a value, such as the intrinsic worth of a work of nature, culture, or love. suffering, by finding a proper attitude toward unalterable fate.

crackling of facades

drop the mask

parent ego state

dualistic-both nurturing and critical (or controlling)

total quality movement (TQM)

emphasis is placed on working cooperatively and productively in small groups

redecision school of TA

emphasis on intrapsychic processes

transactional analysis (TA) group

emphasis on understanding intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics

expression of negative feelings

here and now feelings are expressed in a negative manner

I'm Not OK-You're Not OK

hopeless and self distructive

Game analysis

includes an examination of distructive and repetitive behavioral patterns and an analysis of the ego states and types of transactions involved

one of the first goals in existential therapy group

increase awareness (being-in-the-world/who am i? where am i going?)

basic encounter gorup

individuals come into much closer and direct contact with one another that is customary in ordinary life. examples: personal growth groups, sensory awareness groups, sensitivity groups, human relations groups.

drama triangle

individuals switch between these roles during games

milling around

initial stage of group members are often confused about who is responsible for conducting the group and what they are to be doing

existential group leader

intensive and personal experience, source of knowledge in regard to human experience

Reality theory claims that human behavior is a reaction to

internal needs

three unifying factors of Adlerian groups

interpretation of a person's early history, individual goals, interpersonal goals. group process goals.

games prevent

intimacy

C group

one variation of an Adlerian psychoeducational group components of the group: collaboration, consultation, clarification, confontation, concern, confidentiality, and commitment

Injunctions

parent commands recorded by the child that call for the child to adopt certain roles

three basic ego states

parent, adult, child-exist and operate within every individual and can be observed in the dynamic interaction of individuals.

the productive handling of anxiety

part of existential gorup therapy

imaginal disputation

participants seeing themselves in stressful situations ans examining their self-talk

Chief among the major tenets of Adlerian theory is

people are primarily motivated by social interest

life script analysis

people's basic plans involving transactions and games. typically scripts are made when individuals are children (before age 5) and determine life plans, such as living a tragic or happy existence.-difficult to do in gorup

Existentialism

philosophy that addresses what it means to be human

strokes

physical or psychological recognition

exercies

planned activities that have been used previously to help group members become more aware

TA group leaders

priamary listeners, observers, diagnosticians, and analysts- and secondarily, process facilitators

four basic assumptions that underlie gestalt groups

principle of holism, principle of awareness, principle of figure/ground, principle of polarities

I'm OK-You're Not OK

projection of blame onto others

soliloquy

protagonist and a monologue

monodrama or autodrama

protagonist plays all the parts of the different enactment

surplus reality

psychological experiences which include relationships with those who have died and were never born

condemning questions

questions that put people down

Behavioral disputation

reading and role playing. homework and shame attack.

expression of personally meaningful material

real trust in the group is established members feel free to talk about important events

insight

related concept consisting of immediate new perceptions and understandings about one's problems that occur during or after the experience of catharsis

Adlerian theory underpinnings

the purposefulness of all behavior, the subjective nature of perception, the holistic nature of people. the importance of developing a healthy style of life. the self-determinism of the individual to chart a future based on expected consequences of behavior

behavior changes

the result of increased congruence are more pronounced near the end of the group

energy field

the sum of the total individual members' energies and attention in the group.

tele

the total communication of feelings between people. the cement that holds groups together

limitations of existential grouops

they only benifit members who are verbal, communicative, and unafraid to confront painful issues

crossed transactions

those in which a response is returns from an unexpected or inappropriate ego state-when this occurs the person initiating the conversation often feels hurt and withdraws.

feedback

through feedback group members become more self-aware

Premises of encounter groups

trust in the inner resources of persons, sense of trust in the group to help members develop their potential, certian conditions must be created within the group for the members to access their full potential.

ulterior transactions

two ego states operate simultaneously, one disguises the other

Alfred Adler

used groups as early as 1922; creator of Adlerian theory

TA groups

used in a setting in which people can become more aware of themselves, the structure of their individual personality, the transaction they have with others, the games they play , andthe scripts they act out

the magic shop

useful for protagonists who are ambivalent about their values and goals. involves a storekeeper who runs a magic shop full of special qualities

three distinct positions of people who play games

victim-appears to be innocent persecutor-who appears to cause the problem rescuer-appears to solve the problem for the victim

three phases of psychodrama

warm-up action integration

Creative imagery

warm-up technique consists of inviting members to imagine neutral or pleasant objects and scenes

egogram

ways of interacting can be represented (i.e. bar graph)

Most REBT groups meet

weekly; seldom meeting more than 10-12 sessions. Marathons are conducted on a 12- 36-hour basis depending on the leader and the setting.

intrisically neutral

without a predetermined set of responses

A-B-C Model of Human Interaction

"A" is the event, "B" is the thought process, and "C" is the feeling state resulting from one's thoughts. To change negative or nonproductive feelings, individuals need to think differently.

role of a psychodrama leader

1. knowledge of methods, principles, and techniques 2. understanding of personality theory and its relationship to developing an evolving philosophy or life, and 3. his or her own personality development and maturity

Reality therapy's original basic eight steps

1. make a friendship/establish a meaningful relationship 2. Emphasize present behaviors/Ask"What are you doing now?" 3. Stress whether clients' actions are getting them what they want 4. Make a plan to do better 5. get a commitment to follow the positive plan 6. no excuses 7. no punishment 8.never give up

six major ways individuals structure their time to obtain strokes

1. withdrawal 2. rituals 3.pastimes 4. work 5. games 6. intimacy

Wubboldings list of ABCDE dos and donts

ALWAYS BE COURTEOUS AND DETERMINED AS WELL AS ENTHUSIASTIC. DON'T ARGUE, BELITTLE, CRITICIZE, DEMEAN, OR GET LOST IN EXCUSES.

Role of Reality therapy group leader

Active and Involved. Emotionally and mentally mature

TA leaders life position

I"M OK

Child script

I'm Not OK-You're OK (powerless)

Adult script

I'm OK-You're OK (characterized by trust and openness)

Ruldoph Dreikurs

One of Adler's followers, developed a group approach based on Adler's principles.

four specific roles of TA group leader

Protection-involves keeping members safe from harm Permission-centers on giving group members directives to behave against the injunctions of their parents Potency- the use of appropriate counseling techniques in certain situations.

reality therapy

The underlying problem of all clients is the same: they are either involved in a present unsatisfying relationship or lack what could even be called a relationship. Primary need is to be love, belong, and feel worthwhile "WDEP" W= wants and needs; D= direction and doing; E= evaluation; and P = planning and commitment. Chief figures is William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding

control therapy

a complete system for explaining how the brain works...added to reality therapy

emotional catharsis

a release of pent-up feelings

ego state

a system of feelings accompanied by a related set of behavior patterns

making the rounds

a warm-up game in gestalt groups in which confrontation is heightened by asking group members to say somethins they usually do not verbalize.

WDEP

accronym created by Wubbolding as a pedagogical tool that summarizes reality therapy and provides a memory peg for retaining, applying and implimenting the principles of reality therapy W=WANTS D=DIRECTION AND DOING E=EVALUATION AND P-PLANNING

SAMIC

acronym Wubbolding created to describe a good plan SIMPLE ATTAINABLE MEASURABLE IMMEDIATE AND CONTROLLED BY THE PLANNER

therapeutic contracts

all TA groups are based on the participants' ability and willingness to make and work on _________

structural analysis

all group members become aware of the structure of their ego states and how they function. members are encouraged to decontaminate any ego state that is not operating properly

revealing past feelings

as trust begins to develop members start to talk about their feelings.

resistance

avoid expressing private self

Person-Centered Groups

basic encounter groups defined be Rogers

group therapy for normals

basic encounter groups initially referred to as

Rogerian-oriented encounter group 15-stage process

basic techniques of person-centered theory

Self-acceptance and the beginning of change

become aware of their own behaviors and feelingsand are less rigid

self actualization

becoming all that one can be. goal of person-centered therapy

TA practitionaers borrow

behavioral and affective techniquers and procedures from other theories

Four basic ways to identify which ego state individuals are in at a particular moment

behavioral, social, historical, and phenomenological

reality therapy's four human psychological needs:

belonging, power, freedom and fun

games

berne defines as "an ongoing series of complementary ulterior transactions progressing to a well-defined, predictable outcome."

Confront

challenge incongruencies in thoughts and actions

Strength of TA groups

clear language used to explain TA concepts, Concepts can be readily grasped, individuals "move faster toward getting well", Can be used in task/work, psychoeducational. counseling, and psychotherapy settings

Complementary transactions

clear transactions with no hidden agenda

Adlerian Theory

concentrates on the inherent social interest of persons and emphasizes social development, cooperation, and education

redecision contract

contract made to address significant symptoms they wish to change, then they take actions that focus on rackets and games they have experiences. They are taught that they are responsible for both their feelings and their actions

Psychodrams

one of the oldest and most dynamic of all of the theories devised for working with groups

Strengths of reality therapy

emphasizes accountability, emphasis on action and thinking as opposed to feelings and physiology. Viability of people in society whom others have given up on. emphasis on definable procedures for working with individuals in groups. the treatment continues until participants are able to resolve difficulties (brief)

classic school of TA

emphasizes present interactions

cathexis school of TA

emphasizes reparenting

experiments and exercises revolve around five main themes

enactment, directed behavior, fantasy, dreams, and homework

limitations of reality therapy

exchange of communications, simplicity, extreme position on some issues, lack of proven effectiveness, emphasis on conformity and utility.

gestalt therapy

experiential and humanistic approach to change

Rational- Emotive Behavioral Therapy REBT

focus on behaviors as well as cognitions

gestalt group work

focus on one individual at a time. hot seat and greek chorus

Adlerian group leaders

focus on understanding present behavioral patterns of group members and challenging them to change.

Albert Ellis

founded REBT

fritz perls

founded gestalt therapy

Jacob L. Moreno

founder of Psychodrama. Experimented with his theory in the streets of Vienna after WW I with an enactment procedure known as rthe living newspaper

Eric Berne

founder of Transactional Analysis

William Glasser

founder of reality therapy

adult ego state

functions like a computer in that it receives and processes information from the parent, the child, and the environment. it then makes the best decision possible. The adult is realistic and logical.

the basic encounter

genuine person-to-persion contact is the overriding characteristic of theis point

crash-program mentality

group experiences are carried out excessivley

confrontation

group is reaching a climax

expression of closeness

group members express positive feelings about one another

primary focus of adlerian group

growth and actions of the individual rather then the group itself

scripts

habitual patterns of behavior that influence how people spend their time ex. losers, nonlosers, winners

active listening

hearing meanings behind words and nonverbal gestures

personal responsibility

keystone to the existential group therapeutic process,.

first degree games

least harmful-blemish

person-centered group work

linked to the theory and personal influence of Carl Rogers

transactions between TA leader and members are considered

major

communication of immediate interpersonal feelings

members begin to be affected by and respond to other group members

Development of a healing capacity in the grouip

members begin to reach out to one another

unstructured group

members freely express their thoughts and feelings once trust is established

trsansactions between TA members are considered

minor

second degree games

more serious and result in physical confrontation-uproar

four major components of TA contract

mutual assent-clearly defining a goal from an adult perspective and joining with the therapist's Adult as an ally, competency-agreeing on what can realistically be expected, legal object-an objective, and consideration-a fee or price of services.

four types of thought

negative, positive, neutral, and mixed

experiments

nonplanned experiences that occur spontaneously

Strength of adlerian group

nonthreatening, logical methods based on common sense, holistic, eclectic. flexibility among populations

sculpting

nonverbal metohds are used to arrange members into a configuration like that of significant persons whom they regularly deal with

social interest

not only an interest in othersbut an interest in the interest of others

Reality therapy emphasizes

observable behavior in a here and now setting. giving up unproductive, self defeating behaviors. taking responsibility for actions, find a better way to meet their needs.

Glasser lists four criteria for effective reality therapy leaders

responsible and able to fulfill their own needs, mentally strong and able to resist group members' pleas for sympathy and excuses for nonproductive behavior. Acceptance of group members for who they are, Finally must be emotionally involved or supportive

Limitations of TA groups

restrictive interpretation of the complexities of human nature by categorizing them into limits number of games, ego states, and scripts. Second limitation of TA in groups is its strong emphasis on understanding. another limitation is the neglect to emphasizing group process. Also there is a lack of empirical evidence to support its effectiveness

community for learning

rogers interest in large groups developed this, in which about 100 people work and live together for 2 weeks at a time.

two main components involved in using reality therapy in groups

setting up the environment and applying proper procedures using the WDEP framework

desired outcome of gestalt group

shed layers of neurosis and come to realize self growth through implosiveness-feeling their deadness-and explosiveness-releasing pent-up energy to be authentic and alive to feelings

making wishes into demands

should could would...action

four special techniques that Wubbolding suggests are applicable to setting up the environment of a reality therapy group

skillful use of questioning, self-help procedures, use of humor, and the use of paradox

transactions

social action between two or more people.

Redecision theory

special form of TA- helps clients make redecisions while they are in their Child ego state. Having them reexperience past events as if they were now present. Combines TA and Gestalt approaches and may be geared toward individuals or couples in a group

Operations

specific techniques employed by TA group leaders that include interrogation, specification, confrontation, explanation, illustration, confirmation, interpretation, and crystallization.

Classic school contracts are carried out with the emphasis of one or more of the following:

structural analysis, transactional analysis, game analysis, and life script analysis.

gestalt emphasis on

teaching awareness skills

changing questions to statements

technique used in gestalt therapy

elasticity

the ability to move from one set of needs to another and back