Chapter 15 and Chapter 16
helping relationships outside the group
reslove misunderstanding and develop new relationship
Limitations of adlerian groups
the group leader's style, lack of uniformity, weak research
double and multiple double
the group member designated by the director takes on the role of the protagonist's alter ego and helps the protagonist express inner feelings.
self-talk
the messages people give themselves internally
impasses
the place in which they get stuck
Woollams and Brown view the process that leads to a desired outcome in TA through seven steps
1.trust in the other 2.trust in self 3.moving into group 4.work 5.redecision 6.integration 7.termination
person centered group leaders carry out five distinct functions
conveying acceptance, attending to others, understanding meaning and content, conveying warmth and empathy, and linking
third degree games
cops and robbers-deadly and play for keeps
strength of existential groups
deal with ultimate issues in life and present their members with opprotunities to explore values and lifestyles. second benifit is they provide a framework for other forms of group work. deal with group members holistically.
person centered group leaders
derive their direction from the group members
Adlerian parent education group
developmental and preventive aspects of parenting are explained. inspire parents to consider the dynamics and purpose of their children's behaviors
cognitive disputation
direct questioning, reasoning, and persusaion
child ego state
divided into two parts. The Adaptive Child conforms to the rules and wishes of parent ego states within the self and others. It is compliant and easy to get along with. The free child (or natural child) reacts more spontaneously; it has fun and is more curious and playful.
people can make their lives meaningful in one of 3 ways according to frankl
doing a deed, or achieving or accomplishing something. experiencing a value, such as the intrinsic worth of a work of nature, culture, or love. suffering, by finding a proper attitude toward unalterable fate.
crackling of facades
drop the mask
parent ego state
dualistic-both nurturing and critical (or controlling)
total quality movement (TQM)
emphasis is placed on working cooperatively and productively in small groups
redecision school of TA
emphasis on intrapsychic processes
transactional analysis (TA) group
emphasis on understanding intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics
expression of negative feelings
here and now feelings are expressed in a negative manner
I'm Not OK-You're Not OK
hopeless and self distructive
Game analysis
includes an examination of distructive and repetitive behavioral patterns and an analysis of the ego states and types of transactions involved
one of the first goals in existential therapy group
increase awareness (being-in-the-world/who am i? where am i going?)
basic encounter gorup
individuals come into much closer and direct contact with one another that is customary in ordinary life. examples: personal growth groups, sensory awareness groups, sensitivity groups, human relations groups.
drama triangle
individuals switch between these roles during games
milling around
initial stage of group members are often confused about who is responsible for conducting the group and what they are to be doing
existential group leader
intensive and personal experience, source of knowledge in regard to human experience
Reality theory claims that human behavior is a reaction to
internal needs
three unifying factors of Adlerian groups
interpretation of a person's early history, individual goals, interpersonal goals. group process goals.
games prevent
intimacy
C group
one variation of an Adlerian psychoeducational group components of the group: collaboration, consultation, clarification, confontation, concern, confidentiality, and commitment
Injunctions
parent commands recorded by the child that call for the child to adopt certain roles
three basic ego states
parent, adult, child-exist and operate within every individual and can be observed in the dynamic interaction of individuals.
the productive handling of anxiety
part of existential gorup therapy
imaginal disputation
participants seeing themselves in stressful situations ans examining their self-talk
Chief among the major tenets of Adlerian theory is
people are primarily motivated by social interest
life script analysis
people's basic plans involving transactions and games. typically scripts are made when individuals are children (before age 5) and determine life plans, such as living a tragic or happy existence.-difficult to do in gorup
Existentialism
philosophy that addresses what it means to be human
strokes
physical or psychological recognition
exercies
planned activities that have been used previously to help group members become more aware
TA group leaders
priamary listeners, observers, diagnosticians, and analysts- and secondarily, process facilitators
four basic assumptions that underlie gestalt groups
principle of holism, principle of awareness, principle of figure/ground, principle of polarities
I'm OK-You're Not OK
projection of blame onto others
soliloquy
protagonist and a monologue
monodrama or autodrama
protagonist plays all the parts of the different enactment
surplus reality
psychological experiences which include relationships with those who have died and were never born
condemning questions
questions that put people down
Behavioral disputation
reading and role playing. homework and shame attack.
expression of personally meaningful material
real trust in the group is established members feel free to talk about important events
insight
related concept consisting of immediate new perceptions and understandings about one's problems that occur during or after the experience of catharsis
Adlerian theory underpinnings
the purposefulness of all behavior, the subjective nature of perception, the holistic nature of people. the importance of developing a healthy style of life. the self-determinism of the individual to chart a future based on expected consequences of behavior
behavior changes
the result of increased congruence are more pronounced near the end of the group
energy field
the sum of the total individual members' energies and attention in the group.
tele
the total communication of feelings between people. the cement that holds groups together
limitations of existential grouops
they only benifit members who are verbal, communicative, and unafraid to confront painful issues
crossed transactions
those in which a response is returns from an unexpected or inappropriate ego state-when this occurs the person initiating the conversation often feels hurt and withdraws.
feedback
through feedback group members become more self-aware
Premises of encounter groups
trust in the inner resources of persons, sense of trust in the group to help members develop their potential, certian conditions must be created within the group for the members to access their full potential.
ulterior transactions
two ego states operate simultaneously, one disguises the other
Alfred Adler
used groups as early as 1922; creator of Adlerian theory
TA groups
used in a setting in which people can become more aware of themselves, the structure of their individual personality, the transaction they have with others, the games they play , andthe scripts they act out
the magic shop
useful for protagonists who are ambivalent about their values and goals. involves a storekeeper who runs a magic shop full of special qualities
three distinct positions of people who play games
victim-appears to be innocent persecutor-who appears to cause the problem rescuer-appears to solve the problem for the victim
three phases of psychodrama
warm-up action integration
Creative imagery
warm-up technique consists of inviting members to imagine neutral or pleasant objects and scenes
egogram
ways of interacting can be represented (i.e. bar graph)
Most REBT groups meet
weekly; seldom meeting more than 10-12 sessions. Marathons are conducted on a 12- 36-hour basis depending on the leader and the setting.
intrisically neutral
without a predetermined set of responses
A-B-C Model of Human Interaction
"A" is the event, "B" is the thought process, and "C" is the feeling state resulting from one's thoughts. To change negative or nonproductive feelings, individuals need to think differently.
role of a psychodrama leader
1. knowledge of methods, principles, and techniques 2. understanding of personality theory and its relationship to developing an evolving philosophy or life, and 3. his or her own personality development and maturity
Reality therapy's original basic eight steps
1. make a friendship/establish a meaningful relationship 2. Emphasize present behaviors/Ask"What are you doing now?" 3. Stress whether clients' actions are getting them what they want 4. Make a plan to do better 5. get a commitment to follow the positive plan 6. no excuses 7. no punishment 8.never give up
six major ways individuals structure their time to obtain strokes
1. withdrawal 2. rituals 3.pastimes 4. work 5. games 6. intimacy
Wubboldings list of ABCDE dos and donts
ALWAYS BE COURTEOUS AND DETERMINED AS WELL AS ENTHUSIASTIC. DON'T ARGUE, BELITTLE, CRITICIZE, DEMEAN, OR GET LOST IN EXCUSES.
Role of Reality therapy group leader
Active and Involved. Emotionally and mentally mature
TA leaders life position
I"M OK
Child script
I'm Not OK-You're OK (powerless)
Adult script
I'm OK-You're OK (characterized by trust and openness)
Ruldoph Dreikurs
One of Adler's followers, developed a group approach based on Adler's principles.
four specific roles of TA group leader
Protection-involves keeping members safe from harm Permission-centers on giving group members directives to behave against the injunctions of their parents Potency- the use of appropriate counseling techniques in certain situations.
reality therapy
The underlying problem of all clients is the same: they are either involved in a present unsatisfying relationship or lack what could even be called a relationship. Primary need is to be love, belong, and feel worthwhile "WDEP" W= wants and needs; D= direction and doing; E= evaluation; and P = planning and commitment. Chief figures is William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding
control therapy
a complete system for explaining how the brain works...added to reality therapy
emotional catharsis
a release of pent-up feelings
ego state
a system of feelings accompanied by a related set of behavior patterns
making the rounds
a warm-up game in gestalt groups in which confrontation is heightened by asking group members to say somethins they usually do not verbalize.
WDEP
accronym created by Wubbolding as a pedagogical tool that summarizes reality therapy and provides a memory peg for retaining, applying and implimenting the principles of reality therapy W=WANTS D=DIRECTION AND DOING E=EVALUATION AND P-PLANNING
SAMIC
acronym Wubbolding created to describe a good plan SIMPLE ATTAINABLE MEASURABLE IMMEDIATE AND CONTROLLED BY THE PLANNER
therapeutic contracts
all TA groups are based on the participants' ability and willingness to make and work on _________
structural analysis
all group members become aware of the structure of their ego states and how they function. members are encouraged to decontaminate any ego state that is not operating properly
revealing past feelings
as trust begins to develop members start to talk about their feelings.
resistance
avoid expressing private self
Person-Centered Groups
basic encounter groups defined be Rogers
group therapy for normals
basic encounter groups initially referred to as
Rogerian-oriented encounter group 15-stage process
basic techniques of person-centered theory
Self-acceptance and the beginning of change
become aware of their own behaviors and feelingsand are less rigid
self actualization
becoming all that one can be. goal of person-centered therapy
TA practitionaers borrow
behavioral and affective techniquers and procedures from other theories
Four basic ways to identify which ego state individuals are in at a particular moment
behavioral, social, historical, and phenomenological
reality therapy's four human psychological needs:
belonging, power, freedom and fun
games
berne defines as "an ongoing series of complementary ulterior transactions progressing to a well-defined, predictable outcome."
Confront
challenge incongruencies in thoughts and actions
Strength of TA groups
clear language used to explain TA concepts, Concepts can be readily grasped, individuals "move faster toward getting well", Can be used in task/work, psychoeducational. counseling, and psychotherapy settings
Complementary transactions
clear transactions with no hidden agenda
Adlerian Theory
concentrates on the inherent social interest of persons and emphasizes social development, cooperation, and education
redecision contract
contract made to address significant symptoms they wish to change, then they take actions that focus on rackets and games they have experiences. They are taught that they are responsible for both their feelings and their actions
Psychodrams
one of the oldest and most dynamic of all of the theories devised for working with groups
Strengths of reality therapy
emphasizes accountability, emphasis on action and thinking as opposed to feelings and physiology. Viability of people in society whom others have given up on. emphasis on definable procedures for working with individuals in groups. the treatment continues until participants are able to resolve difficulties (brief)
classic school of TA
emphasizes present interactions
cathexis school of TA
emphasizes reparenting
experiments and exercises revolve around five main themes
enactment, directed behavior, fantasy, dreams, and homework
limitations of reality therapy
exchange of communications, simplicity, extreme position on some issues, lack of proven effectiveness, emphasis on conformity and utility.
gestalt therapy
experiential and humanistic approach to change
Rational- Emotive Behavioral Therapy REBT
focus on behaviors as well as cognitions
gestalt group work
focus on one individual at a time. hot seat and greek chorus
Adlerian group leaders
focus on understanding present behavioral patterns of group members and challenging them to change.
Albert Ellis
founded REBT
fritz perls
founded gestalt therapy
Jacob L. Moreno
founder of Psychodrama. Experimented with his theory in the streets of Vienna after WW I with an enactment procedure known as rthe living newspaper
Eric Berne
founder of Transactional Analysis
William Glasser
founder of reality therapy
adult ego state
functions like a computer in that it receives and processes information from the parent, the child, and the environment. it then makes the best decision possible. The adult is realistic and logical.
the basic encounter
genuine person-to-persion contact is the overriding characteristic of theis point
crash-program mentality
group experiences are carried out excessivley
confrontation
group is reaching a climax
expression of closeness
group members express positive feelings about one another
primary focus of adlerian group
growth and actions of the individual rather then the group itself
scripts
habitual patterns of behavior that influence how people spend their time ex. losers, nonlosers, winners
active listening
hearing meanings behind words and nonverbal gestures
personal responsibility
keystone to the existential group therapeutic process,.
first degree games
least harmful-blemish
person-centered group work
linked to the theory and personal influence of Carl Rogers
transactions between TA leader and members are considered
major
communication of immediate interpersonal feelings
members begin to be affected by and respond to other group members
Development of a healing capacity in the grouip
members begin to reach out to one another
unstructured group
members freely express their thoughts and feelings once trust is established
trsansactions between TA members are considered
minor
second degree games
more serious and result in physical confrontation-uproar
four major components of TA contract
mutual assent-clearly defining a goal from an adult perspective and joining with the therapist's Adult as an ally, competency-agreeing on what can realistically be expected, legal object-an objective, and consideration-a fee or price of services.
four types of thought
negative, positive, neutral, and mixed
experiments
nonplanned experiences that occur spontaneously
Strength of adlerian group
nonthreatening, logical methods based on common sense, holistic, eclectic. flexibility among populations
sculpting
nonverbal metohds are used to arrange members into a configuration like that of significant persons whom they regularly deal with
social interest
not only an interest in othersbut an interest in the interest of others
Reality therapy emphasizes
observable behavior in a here and now setting. giving up unproductive, self defeating behaviors. taking responsibility for actions, find a better way to meet their needs.
Glasser lists four criteria for effective reality therapy leaders
responsible and able to fulfill their own needs, mentally strong and able to resist group members' pleas for sympathy and excuses for nonproductive behavior. Acceptance of group members for who they are, Finally must be emotionally involved or supportive
Limitations of TA groups
restrictive interpretation of the complexities of human nature by categorizing them into limits number of games, ego states, and scripts. Second limitation of TA in groups is its strong emphasis on understanding. another limitation is the neglect to emphasizing group process. Also there is a lack of empirical evidence to support its effectiveness
community for learning
rogers interest in large groups developed this, in which about 100 people work and live together for 2 weeks at a time.
two main components involved in using reality therapy in groups
setting up the environment and applying proper procedures using the WDEP framework
desired outcome of gestalt group
shed layers of neurosis and come to realize self growth through implosiveness-feeling their deadness-and explosiveness-releasing pent-up energy to be authentic and alive to feelings
making wishes into demands
should could would...action
four special techniques that Wubbolding suggests are applicable to setting up the environment of a reality therapy group
skillful use of questioning, self-help procedures, use of humor, and the use of paradox
transactions
social action between two or more people.
Redecision theory
special form of TA- helps clients make redecisions while they are in their Child ego state. Having them reexperience past events as if they were now present. Combines TA and Gestalt approaches and may be geared toward individuals or couples in a group
Operations
specific techniques employed by TA group leaders that include interrogation, specification, confrontation, explanation, illustration, confirmation, interpretation, and crystallization.
Classic school contracts are carried out with the emphasis of one or more of the following:
structural analysis, transactional analysis, game analysis, and life script analysis.
gestalt emphasis on
teaching awareness skills
changing questions to statements
technique used in gestalt therapy
elasticity
the ability to move from one set of needs to another and back