Chapter 15 Brain and Behavior

A 45-year old individual that played football all his life is showing signs of confusion and memory loss. If you were to examine his brain, what would you expect to find?

Abnormal expression of tau

A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia

Broca's

Patients with _______ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _______ are likely to experience right-sided numbness.

Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasi

Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia?

Connectionist

Which symptom would not be a likely result of extensive damage to the right fusiform gyrus?

Impairment in recognizing the voices of coworkers

Which statement about childhood aphasia true?

Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood.

_______ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction.

Micropolygyria

Which statement about language lateralization in monkeys is true?

Similar to humans, monkeys show a preference for using the right ear (which has connects to the contralateral side) to listen to vocalizations of conspecifics.

Which feature of birdsong suggests it is analogous to human speech?

Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song.

Which statement best illustrates the motor theory of language?

When we listen to speech, we process the speech sounds using the same neural systems that we use to make those sounds.

The relationship between the direction of the whorl of hair on the top of the head and handedness supports the idea that

a single gene has a major influence on asymmetry throughout the body.

Damage to the _______, which transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area leads to _______ aphasia.

arcuate fasciculus; conduction

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings

are inconsistent with the connectionist model of aphasia.

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time.

constraint-induced movement

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of

dyslexia

An exciting, but controversial future treatment for brain injury may be the use of _______ to replace the damaged neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

embryonic stem cells

The complete loss of the ability to understand language, or to speak, read, or write is called _______ aphasia.

global

In general, brain injury suffered _______ has less severe consequences than brain injury suffered _______.

in childhood; in adulthood

Astereognosis is the

inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation.

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called

neologisms.

The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______.

phonemes; grammar

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that

proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial.

Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in

prosopagnosia

Prosopagnosia is the inability to

recognize faces

People with conduction aphasia are unable to

repeat words or sentences

All the following may aid in stabilization and reorganization after brain damage except

reverse transcription.

Anna has been diagnosed with deep dyslexia. The most obvious symptom she has is

she interprets a word when reading not as the word on the page but as a semantically related word.

In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in

strongly emotional behaviors, such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors.

In monkeys, stimulation of the _______, but not of the _______, results in vocalizations.

subcortical regions; cortex

Early studies using electrodes to stimulate discrete areas of cortex, thereby disrupting neural function, found

that electrical stimulation interfered with language abilities.

Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to _______ as a treatment for _______.

the corpus callosum; epilepsy

Speech mechanisms may have evolved from more ancient systems controlling gestures of the face and hands, in agreement with

the motor theory of language.

Consistent with the motor theory of speech perception, deaf people who use American Sign Language use _______ language-related regions of the left hemisphere as hearing people who use spoken language do.

the same

Mirror therapy has been shown to be useful for rehabilitation after brain injury as it

tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm.

In patients with aphasia following a stroke, the greatest amount of language recovery is likely to be achieved _______ after the episode of brain damage.

within 3 months

Children show evidence of sensitivity to the "rules" of language by the age of _______ months.

7

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.

Broca's

A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed in up to 50% of

a right handed individual

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field

cannot be repeated verbally.

Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of

the left posterior temporal region.