Chapter 15 Brain and Behavior
A 45-year old individual that played football all his life is showing signs of confusion and memory loss. If you were to examine his brain, what would you expect to find?
Abnormal expression of tau
A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia
Broca's
Patients with _______ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _______ are likely to experience right-sided numbness.
Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasi
Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia?
Connectionist
Which symptom would not be a likely result of extensive damage to the right fusiform gyrus?
Impairment in recognizing the voices of coworkers
Which statement about childhood aphasia true?
Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood.
_______ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction.
Micropolygyria
Which statement about language lateralization in monkeys is true?
Similar to humans, monkeys show a preference for using the right ear (which has connects to the contralateral side) to listen to vocalizations of conspecifics.
Which feature of birdsong suggests it is analogous to human speech?
Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song.
Which statement best illustrates the motor theory of language?
When we listen to speech, we process the speech sounds using the same neural systems that we use to make those sounds.
The relationship between the direction of the whorl of hair on the top of the head and handedness supports the idea that
a single gene has a major influence on asymmetry throughout the body.
Damage to the _______, which transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area leads to _______ aphasia.
arcuate fasciculus; conduction
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings
are inconsistent with the connectionist model of aphasia.
According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time.
constraint-induced movement
Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of
dyslexia
An exciting, but controversial future treatment for brain injury may be the use of _______ to replace the damaged neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
embryonic stem cells
The complete loss of the ability to understand language, or to speak, read, or write is called _______ aphasia.
global
In general, brain injury suffered _______ has less severe consequences than brain injury suffered _______.
in childhood; in adulthood
Astereognosis is the
inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation.
Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called
neologisms.
The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______.
phonemes; grammar
Birdsong is similar to human speech in that
proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial.
Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in
prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia is the inability to
recognize faces
People with conduction aphasia are unable to
repeat words or sentences
All the following may aid in stabilization and reorganization after brain damage except
reverse transcription.
Anna has been diagnosed with deep dyslexia. The most obvious symptom she has is
she interprets a word when reading not as the word on the page but as a semantically related word.
In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in
strongly emotional behaviors, such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors.
In monkeys, stimulation of the _______, but not of the _______, results in vocalizations.
subcortical regions; cortex
Early studies using electrodes to stimulate discrete areas of cortex, thereby disrupting neural function, found
that electrical stimulation interfered with language abilities.
Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to _______ as a treatment for _______.
the corpus callosum; epilepsy
Speech mechanisms may have evolved from more ancient systems controlling gestures of the face and hands, in agreement with
the motor theory of language.
Consistent with the motor theory of speech perception, deaf people who use American Sign Language use _______ language-related regions of the left hemisphere as hearing people who use spoken language do.
the same
Mirror therapy has been shown to be useful for rehabilitation after brain injury as it
tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm.
In patients with aphasia following a stroke, the greatest amount of language recovery is likely to be achieved _______ after the episode of brain damage.
within 3 months
Children show evidence of sensitivity to the "rules" of language by the age of _______ months.
7
A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.
Broca's
A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed in up to 50% of
a right handed individual
In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field
cannot be repeated verbally.
Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of
the left posterior temporal region.