Chapter 15

Match each expected level of performance to the correct scenario, according to social facilitation theory.

A high school team of champion senior athletes plays in an all-star game attended by a large crowd. increased performance Someone for whom Spanish is a second language tries to ask for directions in Spain while his family watches decreased performance A brand-new teacher's lesson is interrupted when the school principal drops in to observe. decreased performance An athlete runs against other athletes to try to get her best time. increased performance

Nicolaj is a normal, even-tempered man, but like most people, there are situations that make him angry. Place the situations in order of how aggressive Nicolaj is likely to get if confronted by them, from most to least.

An acquaintance cuts him off and says, "This is why all your friends are sick of hanging out with you." When arriving at work 10 minutes late, he discovers that the entrance to the parking lot is blocked for construction. During the early stages of starting a project in his yard, Nicolaj realizes he has to go back to the store because he is missing a needed tool. He learns that a musical artist who he has long been a fan of has been convicted of tax fraud.

Zofia is an American teenager whose main form of recreation is playing video games, including relatively violent series such as the Grand Theft Auto and Resident Evil franchises. Based on the current research literature, which of the following claims appear to have support?

Correct Answer(s) Zofia is no more likely to commit violent crimes than those who do not play violent video games. Zofia is more likely to have aggressive thoughts and feelings than those who do not play violent video games. Incorrect Answer(s) Zofia is more likely to experience extended periods of aggression, lasting hours or even days, than those who do not play violent video games.

"Social facilitation" refers to the phenomenon that having an audience results in higher performance for all tasks because people make greater efforts when the stakes are higher.

False

A majority of people ages 18 to 24 have either used mobile apps or websites as ways to arrange romantic dates.

False

The fundamental attribution error is a default attribution that all people make.

False

According to the norm of reciprocity, people only help those who have helped them in the past, not those who might help them in the future.

False (We tend to help those who have helped us in the past as well as those who we expect are likely to help us in the future.)

Wynonna grew up having only White friends, but when she got to college, she was assigned a Black roommate named Barbara, one of the few people of color at the school. Over the coming semester, they learned that they enjoyed the same music and movies, found the same boys on campus attractive, and hoped to major in the same subject. At the end of the semester, is Wynonna likely to have radically revised her stereotypes about Black people in general?

No

Which scenario is an example of false consensus?

Mahendra spends a lot of time reading novels and overestimates how much time his friends spend reading.

Suppose humanity makes contact with an alien species called the Namuh. We learn that every two months, Namuh females give birth to five or six tiny offspring at a time, most of whom are not expected to survive infancy. We also learn that Namuh males have kangaroo-like pouches that protect these offspring for the first six months of their lives. According to parental investment theory, how would we expect the Namuh to differ from humans in their perspectives on what makes an ideal mate?

Namuh males would exhibit more security and commitment more than human males do, while Namuh females would be more promiscuous than human females.

Match each cause of bystander apathy to the correct example.

People are less likely to help when they blend into a crowd. anonymity People worry that in an ambiguous situation, if they seek help when help is not needed, they will look foolish. fear of making a social blunder The decision to help someone is partially influenced by how much harm one could incur by helping. weighing the risks and benefits of helping When many people are present, bystanders expect someone else to help. diffusion of responsibility

Qiqiang has received job offers from three different firms and is struggling to decide which to accept. He decides to write down a pros and cons list for each of the jobs, and ultimately decides which job to accept on the basis of those lists. A year later, he finds his lists and is surprised by how little the features he had written down matter to his current job satisfaction. What explains the disconnect between Qiqiang's focus on certain features of the job at the time he was hired versus his focus on other features one year later?

People often have difficulty anticipating what will make them happy or unhappy in the future.

A group of researchers from a wide range of fields is assembled into a commission to determine ways of improving graduate degree programs in the sciences. Which discussion strategy can best overcome the biases that emerge in groups seeking consensus?

Researchers who have specialized knowledge not shared by other members of the commission should be encouraged to share that expertise.

Paulo is in his seat on the first day of classes when the professor storms angrily into the room. She shouts at the class to pay attention because class is starting. Her hair is wet, suggesting she may have been caught in the rain. Assuming Paulo makes the fundamental attribution error, place the attributions he might make about her behavior in order from most likely to least likely.

She has a fiery personality and is prone to anger. She must be upset from having been caught in the rain. She must be going through some challenges in her private life.

Reality TV show producer Mateus thinks it would make good television to recreate a circumstance similar to Stanley Milgram's obedience experiment. Contestants will give electric shocks to people who they believe are other contestants but who are actually employees of the TV show. Mateus wants to create a situation in which the contestants go as far as possible in the experiment, delivering the highest levels of shock. Place the setups in order of how successful each would be at this task, from least to most. Note that in this situation, Mateus is the authority figure, and the confederate is an employee of the show.

The contestant and the confederate are in the room together, and the authority figure gives instructions over the phone. The contestant, confederate, and authority figure are all in the room together. The authority figure is in the room with the contestant, and the confederate is in another room, communicating via intercom.

What does the empirical literature suggest about the consequences on personal well-being of using social media?

The literature suggests a mix of both positive and negative effects.

Identify the true and false statements about stereotypes.

True Statement(s) Stereotypes are used to justify situations we observe. Stereotypes are often cognitively efficient. False Statement(s) Stereotypes are consistently accurate. Stereotypes are usually negative.

Match each term to the correct scenario.

Valorie finds being in a foreign country very uncomfortable at first but feels an odd sense of relief when seeing a familiar Coca-Cola logo.-mere exposure Yoshiaki's vocabulary when writing fiction tends to reflect the word choices of his favorite author.-chameleon effect When a new driver takes over Lydia's daily bus route, Lydia feels a sense of loss at the disappearance of the original bus driver, though she had never learned his name.-mere exposure Kavita finds that she has begun to mimic the facial expressions of her new girlfriend.-chameleon effect Carlos is drawn to flirt with a particular woman at a bar, only to realize that she's been taking two of the same classes as him this semester.-mere exposure

Place the settings in order of how likely (all else being equal) you would be to find a long-term friend in each, from least to most.

a foreign country you are visiting for the first time a different part of the country you live in the city in which you have lived for quite a while your current place of work

Everyone belongs to certain communities with established norms and familiar faces. Place the groups in order of how likely members of your community are to hold prejudicial views of each group, from most likely to least likely.

a group with whom your community has no direct contact a group your community only interacts with occasionally a group that lives and works within your community

How do researchers generally define "aggression"?

behavior that aims to harm another living being

Match each term to the correct definition.

discomfort with having turned down one desirable option in order to obtain another,= decision dissonance valuing something more because of how hard it was to obtain,= effort justification an unpleasant feeling when our behavior is in conflict with our attitudes,= cognitive dissonance

Match each type of poor conflict management to the correct definition.

dismissiveness of the other person's point of view, contempt denial of personal responsibility, defensiveness refusal to continue conversation, stonewalling the use of personal attacks during arguments, criticism

The "bystander effect" is observed when a person's odds of helping a stranger improve as the number of other bystanders increases.

false

When we divide people into ingroups and outgroups, we are prone to ingroup ____, which means that we treat those in our ingroup ____ than those in our outgroup. Surprisingly, this happens even when we know our ingroup to have been chosen for us at ____, an experimental methodology called the ____.

favoritism better random minimal group paradigm

Match each online behavior to the overall predicted average effect, based on recent experimental studies.

lower levels of stress and higher well-being-maintaining a broad social network drop in momentary happiness and life satisfaction-frequently checking social media sites others feeling neglected or ignored-turning to social media when with others in person having deeper social bonds with your social network-engaging in online self-disclosure

Partners who display ____ attachment feel both trust and fulfillment in relationships, making a close bond more likely. Although ____ attachments can be intense and passionate, they can also give rise to jealousy and anger. The self-sufficiency that comes with ____ attachment can make a person reluctant to become too dependent on the other person. ____ attachment results in both a negative self-view and a general mistrust of others.

secure anxious-ambivalent dismissive-avoidant Fearful-avoidant

A middle school art teacher wishes to teach his class about costume design. He divides the class into three groups at random, each of which is tasked with designing a mascot costume for a fictional sports team, with a prize going to the best design. The student teams then spend a week designing and building their mascot costumes. Several weeks later, the teacher is surprised to discover that a rivalry has formed between the various teams, who have formed cliques even outside the classroom. What explains the reason that this rivalry has formed?

social identity theory

Suppose two American women, one White and one Black, find themselves stuck in an elevator for several hours. With nothing better to do and a poor cell signal, they spend the time getting to know each other. Which of the following details about the White woman best predicts how the Black woman will feel about their interactions during their time together?

the White woman's degree of implicit bias toward people of color

Place the scenarios in order of how hard a person would be likely to work on a project from least to most, based on the concept of social loafing.

working as part of an anonymous group over the internet working in a group without any specific delegation of responsibility working in a group but with each person responsible for a specific element working alone

When individuals from diverse backgrounds work together, which of the following conditions are important elements of Allport's "contact hypothesis" for reducing prejudicial attitudes?

Correct Answer(s) Members of the group work together. Members of the group have equal status. Members of the group have a common goal. Those in positions of authority support social change. Incorrect Answer(s) Members of the group spend a long time together. Members of the group split up tasks by natural talent.

When we try to understand why things happen in our lives, we often make attributions that serve to protect and enhance our perceptions of ourselves. Which of the following statements are examples of self-serving attributions?

Correct Answer(s) "My success in business is proof of my talent for business." "My tweet went viral because I'm a really funny person." "This furniture I assembled isn't very stable because the instructions were really confusing." "I scored poorly at that bowling tournament because the wood in my lane was warped." Incorrect Answer(s) "My short story only got published because the editor didn't read it closely enough to see its flaws." "My public presentation went really badly because I didn't do enough to prepare."

DeAngelo is in charge of hiring for a large construction company. He reviews many job applications each day and is subject to various biases when he does so. Identify the scenarios in which he is less likely to rely on stereotypes.

Correct Answer(s) Applicant C grew up in DeAngelo's neighborhood, although they don't know one another personally. Applicant A is reviewed immediately after DeAngelo completes a seminar about workplace discrimination. Incorrect Answer(s) Applicant B is reviewed first thing in the morning, after DeAngelo has slept very poorly and before he has had any coffee. Applicant D is a qualified woman applying for a job that women rarely do.

A hurricane comes through town and breaks all the store windows on Main Street. Which of the following circumstances would make Brent more likely to start looting due to deindividuation?

Correct Answer(s) Brent sees other people already in stores looting goods. Brent is actively encouraged by others to join in. The town is large, and Brent doesn't know many people there. Incorrect Answer(s) Brent remains self-aware.

Chad has grown up in an overwhelmingly White neighborhood and has only attended schools with very low minority representation. His first summer job, however, was to work as part of a predominantly Asian American landscaping crew. Which of the following changes in Chad's perception of his Asian American coworkers are likely to emerge over the course of the summer?

Correct Answer(s) Chad will feel less anxiety about working with people who are different than himself. Chad will find it easier to empathize with the worldview of his coworkers. Incorrect Answer(s) Chad will tend to think of his coworkers more narrowly in terms of their profession. Chad will lose his sense of identity and adopt that of the people around him.

Which of the following scenarios are examples of transference?

Correct Answer(s) Reggie feels mistrustful of a woman he just met because she resembles the villain in a popular TV show. Ursula assumes a man that she just met is kind because he looks a lot like her kind older brother. Incorrect Answer(s) Mark assumes a girl he just met in a coffee shop is attracted to him because he met his girlfriend in a similar situation. Candice meets a man at a party and decides he must be a bad person because he says something Candice dislikes.

Chloe is 2 years old when she attends her first family reunion and meets many members of her extended family for the first time. Which of the following behaviors is she likely (all else being equal) to exhibit?

Correct Answer(s) She will avoid Willa after she sees her slap her brother. She will favor George after she sees him help elderly family members up some stairs. Incorrect Answer(s) She will favor Barbara after she sees her try to trip her older cousin. She will avoid Pierre after she sees him carrying his parents' luggage in from the car.

A group of movie executives is meeting to decide whether or not to make an action movie. While the group speaks positively about the movie during the meeting, most of them privately think it will turn out terribly. Which of the following factors would contribute to groupthink and would therefore lead the executives to make the movie despite their misgivings?

Correct Answer(s) The company is under pressure from investors to produce more movies. The executives are hoping for a quick meeting with little discussion. Incorrect Answer(s) The president of the company waits until the end of the meeting to voice his opinion. One person tries to explain ways in which the movie might be a bad idea.

Two campers want to sneak into another cabin and cover everything with toilet paper, even though their other four cabinmates are cautious and think it's a bad idea. According to group polarization, which of the following outcomes are likely to occur?

Correct Answer(s) The group will settle on whatever action it was initially leaning toward. Everyone, even the instigators, eventually decide that the mission is too risky. Incorrect Answer(s) They will all eventually agree to play the prank. The cautious campers will stay behind, and the bolder campers will play the prank.

Which of the following factors can make a message more persuasive?

Correct Answer(s) The person delivering the message seems credible. The argument appeals to the listener's emotions. The person delivering the message is physically attractive. The person delivering the message is similar to the receiver. Incorrect Answer(s) The message is only delivered once.

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) had study participants perform a boring task and then offered them money, either $1 or $20, to lie to someone else about how boring the task was. Which of the following outcomes resulted from the study?

Correct Answer(s) Those paid $1 to lie experienced cognitive dissonance. Those paid $20 to lie later still acknowledged they found the task boring. Those paid $1 to lie later rated the task as more enjoyable than did those paid $20. Incorrect Answer(s) Those paid $20 to lie experienced cognitive dissonance. Those paid $1 to lie felt the payment was enough justification for lying.

In Stanley Milgram's laboratory studies of obedience, participants were instructed by an authority figure to continue the experiment, even though doing so appeared to harm another person. Which of the following results were among Milgram's reported findings?

Correct Answer(s) When the authority figure gave orders over the phone, participants were less obedient. When the participants were in the same room as the confederate receiving the shocks, obedience decreased. When the authority figure ordered the participants to administer extremely high-voltage shocks, the majority of them followed his orders. Incorrect Answer(s) Most participants stopped following the authority figure's orders to administer shocks once they passed 150 volts, the point at which the confederate begged for the experiment to be stopped.

Which of the following elements are components of a person's attitude toward a given stimulus?

Correct Answer(s) a behavioral motivation a cognitive belief. an affective feeling. Incorrect Answer(s) a clear impact on our actions. a physiological response.

Which of the following actions are examples of kin selection?

Correct Answer(s) giving financial support to your first cousin. feeding and clothing your biological child. Incorrect Answer(s) letting the husband of your maternal aunt stay in your house after she has passed away. adopting an orphaned child from another country.

Which of the following beliefs are examples of assumptions people might make that would motivate them to conform to the behaviors of those around them?

Correct Answer(s) that behaving differently will cause disapproval. that others have additional knowledge. Incorrect Answer(s) that it is important to follow orders.

Which of the following needs are core motivations, thought to be shared by everyone, that underlie the social behaviors that people engage in?

Correct Answer(s) the need to belong. the need to feel in control of our actions. the need to form trusting relationships. the need to perceive ourselves and our groups positively. the need to understand and find order in the world. Incorrect Answer(s) the need to gain status. the need to dominate others.

Match each term to the correct description.

Negative attitudes toward a group are redirected to fighting policies that might benefit that group. symbolic racism Negative attitudes toward outgroups can serve to maintain positive attitudes about an ingroup. social identity theory Negative attitudes can form between groups that compete for limited resources. realistic group conflict theory