Chapter 15 Homework A&P 2

Cerebral cortex

- Emotions can invoke autonomic responses - sexual thoughts or images can increase blood flow to the genitals

Hypothalamus

- It activates the fight-or-flight response - it's the major control center of the ANS - it's the integrating center for thermoregulation

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true regarding the adrenal glands' relationship with the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply.

- The adrenal cortex is an extension of the parasympathetic nervous system. -The adrenal glands are strictly nerve tissue. - The parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.

parasympathetic nervous system

- associated with reduced energy expenditure - decreases the frequency of impulses initiated by the sinoatrial node of the heart - stimulates the smooth muscles of the digestive tract

Spinal Cord

- it's the integrating center for urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation reflexes.

Brainstem

- it's the integrating centers for reflexes controlling heart rate and blood pressure - it's the integrating center for the pupillary reflex

sympathetic nervous system

- releases norepinephrine to the heart - active during physical stress - increases the amount of air entering the alveoli of the lungs- maintains blood pressure - results in decreased urine production

Norepinephrine

- the synapse between a postganglionic sympathetic neuron and the heart - synapses between the postganglionic sympathetic neuron and the kidney - the synapses between adrenergic neurons and adrenergic receptors

Acetylcholine

- the synapse between a sympathetic postganglionic neuron and a sweat gland - the synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons - The synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic neurons - The synapse between a postganglionic parasymphathetic neuron and cells of the stomach - Synapses between the vagus nerve and the pacemaker of the heart.

Which regions of the CNS does the parasympathetic division of the ANS arise from? Check all that apply.

-Brainstem -Sacral spinal cord

Which of the following levels of the central nervous system plays a role in influencing the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply.

-Cerebral cortex -Hypothalamus -Spinal cord -Brainstem

Which of the following is/are functions of the enteric nervous system? Check all that apply.

-It regulates the movement of contents through the esophagus. -It regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes. -It innervates smooth muscles of the intestines.

Which of the following structure(s) is/are associated with the sympathetic nervous system? Check all that apply.

-The adrenal medulla - The thoracolumbar spinal cord

Which of the following is/are true statements regarding the neurotransmitters of the ANS?

-The adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. -Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system synapse on cells in the adrenal medulla.

Antagonistic

-the parasympathetic division constricts the pupils while the sympathetic division dilates the pupils -the sympathetic division stimulates an increase in heart rate while the parasympathetic division stimulated a decrease in the heart rate

Cooperative

-the sympathetic division stimulates mucus production by salivary glands while the parasympathetic division stimulates the enzyme secretion. -during sex, the parasympathetic division stimulates arousal while the sympathetic division stimulates orgasm.

Which of the following is a component of the visceral reflex?

1. Receptor 2. Efferent Neurons 3. Afferent Neurons 4. Intergrating systems

Click and drag the terms on the left to accurately complete the sentences on the right describing how the ANS controls organs without dual innervation.

Many blood vessels only have innervation from the ____________ division of the ANS. To regulate blood pressure, the nerve fibers maintain a baseline degree of vessel constriction, called ____________ tone. If there is a drop in blood pressure, the sympathetic neurons fire, increasing smooth muscle ____________ in the vessel. The diameter of the vessel ____________ , which ____________ the pressure inside the vessel. Conversely, if there is an increase in blood pressure, a drop in sympathetic firing frequency will ____________ the smooth muscles and ____________ the lumen, decreasing pressure.

Regarding the adrenal gland, which of the following pairings is correct?

Medulla: the inner part

Complete each sentence by dragging the appropriate word or phrase to the proper position.

Primitive functions, such as blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, metabolism, and respiratory airflow, are regulated by *visceral reflexes*. The *autonomic nervous* system quietly manages a myriad of unconscious processes responsible for the body's homeostasis. This function is among the most *basic* of functions for animals to maintain healthy conditions for life. Many drug therapies are based on the *alteration* of autonomic functions.

Drag each of the following labels into the appropriate box to identify which motor division of the peripheral nervous system is identified by the given function.

SOMATIC - Voluntary - principally involved with movement "of" body - skeletal muscles activation AUTONOMIC - Involuntary - lacrimal gland activation - intestinal smooth muscle activation - principally involved with movement "through" body - sweat gland activation - arrector pili activation - can be excitatory or inhibitory on target organ

If the divisions create opposite effects on the same target organ, it's called ____________ innervation.

antagonistic

Which division of the nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?

autonomic

Which nervous system controls glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?

autonomic

Which division of the ANS is referred to as the "rest-and-digest" division?

parasympathetic

In the __________ division of the ANS, the preganglionic nerve fibers are short, while in the __________ division, the preganglionic fibers are relatively long.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

The _________ division of the ANS increases alertness. The __________ division has a calming effect on the body.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Click and drag the terms on the left to accurately complete the sentences on the right.

Dual innervation describes a scenario in which a target organ has innervation from ____________ division(s) of the ANS. (both) If the divisions create opposite effects on the same target organ, it's called ____________ innervation. (antagonistic) If the divisions have complementary effects on the target organ or system, it's called ____________ innervation. (cooperative) Since the parasympathetic division causes the heart rate to ____________ and the sympathetic division causes the heart rate to ____________ , this is an example of antagonistic innervation. (decrease; increase)

Which of the following is not an example of an autonomic receptor?

Ganglionic

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic fibers located in the spinal cord?

Lateral gray horn

Dual innervation describes a scenario in which a target organ has innervation from ____________ division(s) of the ANS.

both

If the divisions have complementary effects on the target organ or system, it's called ____________ innervation.

cooperative

Since the parasympathetic division causes the heart rate to ____________ and the sympathetic division causes the heart rate to ____________ , this is an example of antagonistic innervation.

decrease; increase

An organ that receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers is said to have what?

dual innervation

The digestive tract has a nervous system of its own called the _________ nervous system.

enteric