Chapter 15 InQuizitive

Reasons for bringing articles of impeachment against Andrew Jackson:

He violated the Tenure of Office Act. *saw the act as a violation of his constitutional powers so he removed Sec. of War Edwin M. Stanton without Senate's approval.

The Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship for all persons born in the US and empowered the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans.

True

The competing visions of Reconstruction between President Johnson and the Radical Republicans brought forth the nation's first impeachment charges. Place the following events in chronological order.

1. Congress authorized the Tenure of Office Act in March 1867. 2. Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. 3. The House of Representatives initiated impeachment charges.

"Barrow plantation before after Civil War image" What does it reveal about the realities of emancipation?

1. Former slaves no longer lived in communal housing, but had their own quarters. 2. Former slaves built their own churches and schools on the plantation. 3. Former slaves occupied and farmed their own plots of land.

"Practical Illustration of Virginia Constitution" (ca. 1870): _____ feared that Reconstruction would result in _____ schools and blacks having representation in _____ _____ _____, including sitting on juries.

1. Whites 2. integrated 3. the court system

Identify the groups the Ku Klux Klan targeted.

1. blacks who became landowners 2. African-American political leaders 3. white Republicans

[Barrow's Plantation] Effects of emancipation:

Before: in 1860, slaves lived in communal quarters near the owner's house. After: in 1881, former slaves working as sharecroppers lived all over the plantation.

The Republicans in Congress were unified in their vision for Reconstruction.

False

The new state government under the control of the Republicans failed to improve life in the South during Reconstruction.

False

The US was the only major society to experience problems w/ labor during the transition from slavery to freedom.

False *Across the Western Hemisphere, nations that had formerly practiced slaver struggled to ensure an adequate labor force while respecting the needs of the former slaves.

Carpetbaggers

1. Northern whites who relocated to the South after the Civil War, Southern whites believed they had come simply for economic gain. 2. Their name suggests they packed all of their belongings in a suitcase and left their homes eager to take advantage of opportunities in the South.

Why did southern planters and merchants oppose Reconstruction and the new state governments?

1. Reconstruction governments were corrupt. 2. Southern whites could not accept the idea of blacks' equality. 3. Poor southern whites did not experience the improvement to their economic situation as they had hoped.

Which of the following are valid statement about the election of 1876?

1. Samuel Tilden, the Democratic candidate, won the popular vote. 2. The disputed electoral votes were in S. Carolina, FL, and Louisiana.

Scalawags:

1. Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction 2. These were wartime Unionists who cooperated with the Republicans to prevent "rebels" from returning to power.

Components of Andrew Jackson's plan for presidential Reconstruction:

1. State conventions to establish new, loyal state governments. 2. pardon nearly all white southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the Union. 3. appointment of provisional governors. 4. abolition of slavery 5. refusal to pay Confederate debts. 5. repudiation of succession.

15th Amendment

prohibited the federal and state government from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race.

Events of Reconstruction in chronological order:

1. 13th amendment 2. Civil Rights Bill of 1866 3. 14th Amendment 4. Ku Klux Klan established 5. Enforcement Acts

In 1866, Winslow Homer painted this imaginary scene between a former slave and a slaveowner. What does he suggest about the relationship among the freedmen and former slaveowners in his painting?

1. Freed blacks and former slaveowners still interacted frequently after emancipation. 2. Freed blacks no longer had to show reverence to their former owners.

More than 2,000 African American men held public office during Reconstruction. They were elected into positions at all levels of government, including _____, The US Senate, and as a governor of _____. This represented a fundamental shift in power in the _____.

1. House of Reps 2. Louisiana 3. South *Still, the highest offices remained controlled by whites. Only in South Carolina did blacks hold a majority in the legislature.

Describe former slaves' views of landownership during this era?

1. It allowed for the development of black communities independent of white control. 2. They were entitled to land because of their unpaid labor.

"Voices if Freedom" - "Petition of Committee in Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Jackson" (1865). What arguments did the black petitioners make when urging President Jackson to allocate land to them?

1. Landownership was vital element of citizenship. 2. The freedmen had worked the lands and therefore deserved ownership.

Reasons for diminishing Republican support for Reconstruction in 1870s?

1. Many of the Radical Republicans who had established the Reconstruction died. 2. Many northerners believed that the South should be able to solve its own problems. 3. Many believed that the federal government had created the conditions of freedom, and success was now up to blacks. 5. Their was a economic turmoil in the north and the attention was shifted from the Reconstruction to the more pressing matters.

Factors that contributed to the weakening of northern support for Reconstruction:

1. The Supreme Court's failure to fully uphold the rights of blacks. 2. northern journalists' depictions of the failure of southern black leadership. 3. the growth of Democratic power in Congress. 4. the economic depression of the early 1870s.

Sharecropping Contract (1866): In what ways does the contract limit the freedom of the laborers?

1. The freedmen are contractually obligated to "obey" the landowner. 2. The freedmen are required to compensate the landowner if they miss work for a day.

How did the new state constitutions drafted during Radical Reconstruction expand public responsibilities and provide for equal rights?

1. They created state-run and state-funded institutions like orphanages, prisons, and homes for the insane. 2. They established a state-funded free education system.

How did the Black Codes attempt to regulate the lives of former slaves?

1. They denied blacks the right to testify in court against whites. 2. They prohibited blacks from serving on juries. 3. They did not allow blacks to vote. 4. They denied blacks the right to serve in the state militias.

How did Reconstruction amendments change the Constitution?

1. They expanded the definition of citizenship to include non-whites. 2. They established the federal government as the protector of rights.

Why was education so important to freed blacks during this era?

1. They wanted to be able to read the Bible. 2. They wanted to prepare to participate in the economic marketplace. 3. They wanted the opportunity to take part in politics.

In 1869, _____ became the first state in the Union to establish woman suffrage because of the need to _____ _____. *Since the population was mainly male, they needed to attract females.

1. Wyoming 2. attract settlers

Describe sharecropping.

1. a compromise b/w blacks' desire for landownership and whites' desire to discipline their labor force. 2. guaranteed planters a stable labor force. 3. required farmers to divide the crop w/ the landowner at the end of the year. 4. preferred by former slaves because it allowed them to work without white supervision.

Identify the functions of the black churches in the Reconstruction South.

1. a place of worship 2. a house for schools. 3. a political gathering spot. 4. a place for social gatherings.

Identify some of the ways in which the blacks demonstrated their freedom following the Civil War.

1. by locating and reuniting w/ loved ones, from whom they had been separated under slavery. 2. by attending mass meetings and religious servings. 3. by travelling

Reconstruction Amendments:

1. consisted on 3 amendments, which ultimately led to the incorporation of black Americans into society as citizens. 2. served as the constitutional basis for the civil right movement of the 1960s.

Civil Rights Bill of 1866:

1. ensured all citizens enjoyed a set of basic rights. 2. defined all persons born in the US as citizens.

Objectives of Freedmen's Bureau:

1. establish schools for blacks 2. provide aid to the poor and aged. reorganize abandoned and confiscated land in the South in 40-acre plots to allocate to former slaves. 3. secure equal treatment for blacks before the courts. 4. settle dispute b/w blacks & whites.

Douglass believed that the United States was a nation of _____ races. He believed that _____ and the right to hold office both were essential to freedom and citizenship. In this speech, in particular, Douglass argued for the rights and liberties of _____ _____ in America. *From "Who is An American?" document, chapter titled "The Composite Nation".

1. innumerable 2. migration 3. the Chinese

The former slaves defined freedom as the right to mobility, education, political participation, and _____. Southern whites defined freedom as _____ _____, not a right. Northern Republicans believed freedom was the right to labor to _____ and advance in society.

1. landownership 2. a privilege 3. compete

The _____ _____ survived in the rice kingdom of South Carolina and Georgia, while _____ _____ was preferred in Louisiana's sugar plantations. _____ came to dominate in the cotton and tobacco regions of Virginia and North Carolina.

1. task system 2. wage labor 3. Sharecropping

Identify the provisions of the Radical plan for Reconstruction.

1. temporary division of the South into military districts. 2. 14th Amendment 3. creation of new state governments 4. state guarantees of black men's right to vote.

Andrew Jackson _____ the Civil Rights Bill because he _____ _____ _____ in black equality. Ultimately, Jackson believed that political power rested with the _____.

1. vetoed 2. did not believe 3. states

Types of labor systems used during Reconstruction:

Crop Lien: tenants used a portion of the crops as collateral to pay for supplies. Sharecropping: tenants rented a portion of land; and the crop yield was divided between the tenant and owner. Task system: workers were assigned daily tasks that once completed, ended their daily responsibilities.

Why was Fredrick Douglass's perspective on the question, "Who is an American?" considered radical for the time?

He believed all people of all raced and national origins could become good Americans.

Horatio Seymour, the 1868 Democratic nominee for president, carried the state where he had previously served as governor. Samuel Tilden, the 1876 Democratic nominee, had also been governor of the same state. [which state]

New York *so did Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin Roosevelt all served as New York governors.

Former slaves belied that their political freedom should include the right to vote.

True

Former slaves worked to reunite and stabilize their families in the Reconstruction period.

True

The Bargain of 1877 decided the election of 1876 in favor of the Republicans, while the Republicans promised to recognize Democratic control of the South, essentially ending Reconstruction.

True

The Ku Klux Klan was a racially motivated terrorist organization that spread throughout the entire South during Reconstruction.

True

The Liberal Republican Party began to side with Democrats in believing that the federal government's power had grown too much during the war and needed to be curtailed.

True

The fifteenth amendment divided the women's movement, some of its leaders were disappointed that but didn't include women. While other leaders acknowledged the amendment's limitations but believed it represented an important step toward nation suffrage.

True