Chapter 15 Psychology
Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?
Avoidant personality disorder
Which of the following is an example of hopelessness theory
Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it—this leads her to become depressed.
Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is incorrect?
This disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extended periods of time.
Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?
becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self
Marty is moody, often switching from one extreme emotion to its opposite. He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is most likely suffering from ______ personality disorder.
borderline
The tendency to think in "all-or-none" terms is characteristic of
borderline personality disorder
The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.
can perform miracles
What is comorbidity?
co-occurrence of two disorders
The belief that one is Abraham Lincoln is an example of what schizophrenic symptom?
delusion
Exhibiting a personality that ________ is a common characteristic of all personality disorders.
differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture
A disorder marked by the apparent appearance within one person of two or more personalities, each with its own name and distinctive traits, is called _____________ disorder.
dissociative identity
Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders?
excessive, persistent fear and anxiety
Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.
generalized anxiety disorder
False sensory perceptions that often take the form of hearing voices are called
hallucinations
Agoraphobia is an intense fear of
having a panic attack in a public place
The primary purpose of the DSM-5 is to
help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders.
A person who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is most likely to exhibit
impulsivity and unpredictability in his or her interactions with others.
When people diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (APD) are exposed to stressful stimuli, such as loud noises or the sudden appearance of an angry face, they react _________________ people without APD.
less than
Prolonged periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and physical sluggishness best describes which disorder?
major depression
If a therapist thinks about psychological disorders in the same general way a physician thinks about diseases, the therapist is primarily applying the ______________ model to understand mental illness.
medical
Cindy craves the attention of everyone around her. The few friends that she has admit that Cindy is "full of herself," and acts like she is better than everyone else. When Cindy had sex with her best friend's boyfriend, she felt no remorse. Which personality disorder would Cindy be most likely to be diagnosed with?
narcissistic
Professionals have argued that the DSM-5 should identify more _____ markers of mental disorders.
objective
People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.
obsessive-compulsive
Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?
orbitofrontal cortex
_______are mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself.
safety behaviors
A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from
schizophrenia
A strong, intense fear of being in public or performing behaviors in public might be characteristic of
social anxiety disorder
________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt.
suicidal ideation
Kendra is a 10-year-old musical prodigy. If she hears a piece of music once, she can play it perfectly on the piano from memory. Kendra's abilities would be accurately described using which of the following terms?
unusual
Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________.
wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.
Which of the following is true about neurodevelopmental disorders?
- All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in early childhood.
______________disorders are characterized by fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational, and maladaptive.
Anxiety
__________ is a disorder in which a person experiences episodes of mania and depression.
Bipolar disorder
Dr. Nwoambi is an American psychologist who is currently evaluating a new client. Dr. Nwoambi would most likely refer to the _________ to assist her in diagnosing her client's psychological disorder.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DSM stands for
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
What general category of psychological disorders is characterized by a disruption in one's complete and unified sense of conscious awareness, memory, and identity?
Dissociative disorder
Which of the following is a good example of a flashback?
Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?
Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to
Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?
It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?
Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.
Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?
Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.
Which of the following is false of dissociative disorders?
People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture.
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of histrionic personality disorder?
Phoebe feels uncomfortable when she is not the center of attention, and she has alienated friends by demanding excessive amounts of their attention.
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of paranoid personality disorder?
Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.
The ventricles, spaces in the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, are typically larger than normal in the brains of individuals suffering from
Schizophrenia
Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails. What kind of delusion is this?
Somatic
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of schizotypal personality disorder?
Stella laughed when her dog died and cried while watching a funny movie.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding suicide?
Suicide is far more likely among men than it is among women.
People with OCD often develop ____________ in response to ______________.
a compulsion; a specific obsession
After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from
a dissociative disorder
The psychological study of mental illness is most accurately referred to as
abnormal psychology.
Lovell is noticeably fidgety and jittery. He can't sit still; he paces, wrings his hands, and pulls at his clothing constantly. Lovell suffers from psychomotor________.
agitation
People with which personality disorder are most likely to be arrested for violent or destructive crimes?
antisocial
A psychiatric patient repeatedly breaks the law, behaves impulsively, and generally demonstrates a disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others. It is most likely that this patient will be diagnosed with:
antisocial personality disorder
From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality
antisocial personality disorder
A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.
anxiety
_______ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.
anxiety
Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.
appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless
Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?
autism spectrum disorder
What is the best way to describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
behaviors that should not normally occur
Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.
being outside the home alone
The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders.
biological and psychological
Jonah's therapist tells him that his depression is likely the result of several factors, including having a genetic predisposition to depression, a pessimistic personality, and a chaotic family life. This view of depression is an example of the _______________ model.
biopsychosocial
What mood disorder is characterized by alterations between periods of extremely high levels and extremely low levels of activity?
bipolar disorder
Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.
body dysmorphic
Self-injury, such as the intentional cutting of one's self, is most closely associated with which personality disorder?
borderline
Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?
borderline personality disorder
The primary feature of ______ schizophrenia is severe disturbance of motor behavior.
catatonic
Etiology is another word for ________.
causes
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Acrophobia is characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack."
change the word "acrophobia" to the word "agoraphobia
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A person diagnosed with a specific anxiety experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear about a particular object or situation."
change the word "anxiety" to the word "phobia"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding."
change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The psychological perspective views disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities."
change the word "psychological" to the word "biological"
When many illnesses seem to occur at the same time; that is, a specific set of symptoms could qualify an individual for more than one diagnosis. This phenomenon is called
comorbidity
Identify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands."
concern over germs
A psychological disorder is a ________.
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
False beliefs held by a person who has no evidence to support such beliefs are known as
delusions
Gigi, who has schizophrenia, believes that she was sent by God to one day rule the world. Her belief is an example of a(n)
delusions
Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality?
dependent personality disorder
A person who suffers from bipolar disorder alternates between
depression and mania
The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.
diathesis-stress
One study attempting to detect dissociative identity disorder, had patients view words and pictures and then recall the stimuli when they were either experiencing dissociation or not. Results suggested
dissociation episodes tend to wipe the memory of anything learned prior to the dissociation episode.
Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.
dissociative identity
According to family, twin, and adoption studies, a person is at greatest risk for developing schizophrenia if he or she has a(n)
dissociative identity disorder
The presence of at least two distinct personalities is characteristic of
dissociative identity disorder
One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behavior that creates a great deal of
distress.
Research indicates that some people's schizophrenia may result from abnormalities in the brain's receptor sites for what neurotransmitter?
dopamine
Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________?
episodic
Which of the following is not an example of suicidal ideation?
fearing you will die
Which pair consists of negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
flat emotions and low motivation
Which personality disorder is characterized by excessive attention seeking and dramatic behavior, including being overly flirtatious?
histrionic
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The stress model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress."
insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress"
Twin studies suggest that schizophrenia
is likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Stigmatization is often an unintended result of
labeling individuals as suffering from a psychological disorder.
Which of the following is an example of avolition?
lack of motivation to bathe yourself
Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?
lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
One biological explanation for depression is that an overactive ______________ responds strongly to emotions and sends signals that lead to a decrease in ______________ activity.
limbic system; frontal cortex
Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, increases the risk of injury or death, and/or harms their ability to function in daily life is called
maladaptive.
Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.
mania
Kayla has experienced a decrease in the need for sleep for the past three nights, is extremely talkative and sexually charged, and has been very irresponsible with money during this time. Kayla is in the midst of a(n)
manic episode
Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nathan's personality?
narcissistic personality disorder
What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?
negative
Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.
often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.
organizing the books
______ schizophrenia is characterized by delusions that they are being watched, followed, or persecuted in some way.
paranoid
________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.
paranoid
Antisocial, paranoid, and schizoid are all types of ________ disorders.
personality
Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.
phobia
Which of the following is not a risk factor for suicide?
popular music that promotes suicide
A hospital patient was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia because she was having both delusions and hallucinations. What type of symptoms are these?
positive
Excess dopamine activity in the brains' of individuals with schizophrenia is believed to produce ______________, but not ________________.
positive symptoms; negative symptoms
Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.
posttraumatic stress
Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder
psychotic
Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with?
schizophrenia
Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?
schizophrenia
Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have?
seasonal pattern
________ is a subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.
seasonal pattern
People with antisocial personality disorder do not respond physiologically in the same manner that other people do. For example, when compared to control participants, they
show very weak startle responses - such as blinking - when exposed to unpleasant stimuli
Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression _______
that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth
The idea that a person may be determined to be sane or insane is an issue that is most relevant to
the legal system
One biological explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia is the appearance of enlarged _________, which are fluid-filled structures that cushion and protect the brain.
ventricles
