Chapter 15 Special Senses

Place the following events in the order in which they occur during sound transmission. Tympanic membrane vibrates. Internal ear fluids are set in motion. Hearing receptors are stimulated. Ossicles of the ear vibrate. Auditory cortex is stimulated. 1, 2, 4, 3, 5 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 2, 1, 5, 3, 4 5, 1, 2, 4, 3

1, 4, 2, 3, 5 Sound waves are propagated through the air. They then hit the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate. These vibrations are transmitted by the ossicles to fluids in the inner ear. The motion of the vibrating fluid then stimulates receptor cells in the spiral organ (organ of Corti). This sound-sensing organ then transmits signals to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

Match each of the following terms to its correct definition. Using the pull-down menus, match each item in the left column to the corresponding item in the right column A a single sound wave frequency B a mixture of sound wave frequencies C the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time D the height of a wave crest E the distance between two consecutive wave crests 13.1 frequency 13.2 wavelength 13.3 tone 13.4 amplitude 13.5 quality

13.1: C. the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time 13.2: E. the distance between two consecutive wave crests 13.3: A. a single sound wave frequency 13.4: the height of a wave crest 13.5:. a mixture of sound wave frequencies The distance between two consecutive wave crests is the wavelength. Frequency is the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time. The amplitude of a wave is a measure of the height of the wave crest. Tone is a pure sound with a single frequency of sound waves. Sound quality is a characteristic of sound that results from the mixing of sound wave frequencies.

Choose the true statement. Aqueous humor is formed in the embryo and lasts for a lifetime. Vitreous humor is located in the anterior segment of the eye. Vitreous humor is continuously produced and drained. Aqueous humor supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea.

Aqueous humor supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea. The vitreous humor, which is formed in the embryo and lasts throughout life, plays several important roles: it transmits light, supports the posterior surface of the lens and holds the neural layer of the retina in place, and contributes to intraocular pressure. The aqueous humor, which fills the anterior segment of the eye, is continuously produced and drained. It supplies nutrients and oxygen to the cornea, the lens, and certain retinal cells; it also carries away their metabolic wastes.

Which of the following is an INCORRECT match? bitter taste: elicited by metal ions sweet taste: elicited by alcohols sour taste: elicited by H+ ions in solution umami taste: elicited by glutamate and aspartate

Bitter taste: elicited by metal ions Bitter taste is elicited by alkaloids such as quinine, nicotine, and caffeine.

Information from the balance receptors goes directly to the cerebral cortex. True False

False Information from balance receptors goes directly to the reflex centers in the brain stem.

Which of the following is true of static equilibrium receptors? Static equilibrium receptors are called cristae ampullares. Static equilibrium receptors can respond to rotational forces. Static equilibrium receptors are found in the semicircular canals of the ear. Static equilibrium receptors monitor the position of the head.

Static equilibrium receptors monitor the position of the head. Static equilibrium receptors, which are also called maculae, are found in the vestibule of the ear. These receptors respond to linear forces (but not to rotational forces) to monitor the position of the head.

Choose the true statement about the cornea. The cornea is continuous with the dura mater of the brain. The cornea lacks blood vessels. The cornea is unable to regenerate. The cornea is not well supplied with nerve endings.

The cornea lacks blood vessels. The cornea is a regenerative avascular tissue. It is also highly innervated, making it a sensitive area of the eye. The cornea is NOT continuous with the dura mater of the brain, but the sclera is.

Olfactory sensory neurons undergo noticeable turnover throughout adult life. True False

True

Which of the following shows the correct order of light transmission from the air to the retina? air, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina air, lens, cornea, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, retina air, cornea, lens, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, retina air, aqueous humor, lens, cornea, vitreous humor, retina

air, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina Light travels from the air through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor; finally, it is focused onto the retina.

Which of the following is/are a part of the external ear? auditory ossicles semicircular canals tympanic cavity auricle

auricle

The __________ dilate the pupils of the eyes. dilator pupillae (radial muscles) inferior oblique muscles sphincter pupillae (circular muscles) medial rectus muscles

dilator pupillae (radial muscles)

Where is the olfactory epithelium located? in the soft palate in the roof of the nasal cavity in the nostrils in the floor of the nasal cavity

in the roof of the nasal cavity

Adjustment to low-light conditions is primarily facilitated by changes in __________ concentration. cone rhodopsin vitamin A rod

rhodopsin is a biological pigment found in the rods of the retina

Dim light and peripheral vision receptors are called __________. cones ganglion cells foveae rods

rods

The __________ is NOT a part of the vascular layer of the eye. ciliary body choroid sclera iris

sclera The sclera is a part of the fibrous layer of the eye. The vascular layer of the eye is composed of the choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris.

As we age, __________. the number of cochlear hair cells in the ear increases the clarity of the lens of the eye remains unchanged the lens of the eye becomes increasingly elastic the ability to detect high-pitched sounds diminishes

the ability to detect high-pitched sounds diminishes As we age, the number of cochlear hair cells in the ear decreases, leading to loss of hearing; high-pitched sounds are lost first. Regarding vision, the lens of the eye becomes less elastic and increasingly cloudy as we age; these changes lead to difficulty focusing the eyes and seeing at night.