Chapter 16
The foundation of Francis bacon methodology was
Inductive reasoning
Programs were
Instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities
A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of
James Cook
Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Following up on Copernicus is heliocentric theory's
Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus' heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were elliptical
The role of women in the Scientific Revolution in the Scientific Revolution is illustrated by
Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates
The English writer who argued in a serious proposal to the ladies that women should become better educated was
Mary Astell
The ideas of Copernicus were
Nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy
The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first
Scientific journals appearing regularly
Galileo wrote
The Starry Messenger
Mariea Winkelmann
a German astronomer
In his work Penses Pascal
attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions
In Rousseau's the Social Contract, he expressed his belief that
freedom is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for all or the general will
The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aide and characterized by the development of
magazine for the general public
Above all Montesquieu's the spirit of the laws was concerned with
maintaining a balance among the various branches of government
Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
religious intolerance
The French philosophes mostly included people from
the nobility and the middle class
Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance and prudery was his
28 volume encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes
The best statement of Laissez Faire was made in 1776 by
Adam Smith
The scientific revolution of the 17th century
Although on innovative phase in Western thinking was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries
The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual and civilized was
Antoine Watteau
Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work
Antoine Watteau Return from Cythera
A less brutal approach to injustice and punishment in the 18th century is associated with
Beccaria
The immediate reaction to the clerics of the theories of Copernicus was
Condemnation, initially by protestants leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible
The author of the Progress of the Human mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was
Condorcet
For Blaise pascal, humans
Could not understand infinity only God could
What was the name of Descartes book that expanded his theories about the universe
Discourse on Method
In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?
England and Germany
In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what 2 countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose religious movements?
England and Germany
The scientific philosopher who provides a link between the scientist of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was
Fontenelle
The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was
Francois Quesnay
Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in the sixteenth and seventeenth century scientific research
Galen
The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was
Galileo
Which of the ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars?
Galileo
A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in 18th century England was
Gin
Deism is the belief that
God created the universe but does not actively run it
Concerning the first important to scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English royal society in the former's
Government support and control
The 18th century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is
Handel's Messiah
European music in the later 18th century was well characterized by
Haydn and Mozart who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to Austrian Empire
Which of the following statements best applies to Denis Diderot?
His Encyclopedia had a considerable impact, particularly after its price was greatly reduced
Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to
Lent
The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by
Mary Wollstonecraft
According to Leonardo day Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things
Mathematics
The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was
Methodism
Which 18th century composer was considered most composer, most innovative and wrote the opera, the Marriage of Figaro
Mozart
18th century writer's especially in England used this new form of literacy expression to attack the hypocrisis of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers
Novels
Copernicus major book was titled
On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres
The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was
Paris
For Spinoza the failure to understand God led to
People using nature for their own self interest
Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that
Planetary orbits are elliptical
Newton's major work was
Principia
Gaileo's ideas on motion included the
Principle of inertia
The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements was
Robert Boyle
Denying Descartes belief in innate ideas John Locke argued that every person was born with
a blank slate
The carnival of the Mediterranean world was
a period of intense sexual activity and gross excesses
Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the 16th century by
advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine
Isaac Newtons scientific discoveries
although readily accepted in his own country were resisted on the continent
The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia according to him was to
change the general way of thinking
Benedict de Spinoza
claimed that God was not just the creator the universe God was the universe
Concerning the European legal system by the end of the 18th century
corporal and capital punishment were on the decline
John Locke was responsible for
emphasizing the social contract between the people and government
High Culture in 18th century Europe was characterized by the
enormous impact of the publishing industry
John Locke's philosophy contributed to the development of Enlightenment ideas by arguing that a person's character was shaped by
environment not by innate ideas
The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was
evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neuman
The overall effect of the scientific revolution on the argument about woman was to
generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance
The German philosopher Immanuel Kant proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment to be
have the courage to use your own intelligence
The Foundation of Francis Bacon's methodology was
inductive reasoning
Antoine Lavoisier
is regarded as the father of modern chemistry
Copernicus preferred the heliocentric model because
it made the planetary orbits easier to calculate
Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the scientific revolution on Western Civilization
it was a major turning point
Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by
making accurate observations of the planets
The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they
popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion
In the spirit of the laws, Montesquire argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where
power is divided between the 3 branches of government
Johann Sebastian Bach
produced religious music as a way to worship God
Rousseaus's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment
proper child rearing and human education
Of great importance to the Enlightenment were the salons which
provided a forum for discussing the ideas of the philosophes
Isaac Newton and John Locke
provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society
Galileo was convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for life in 1633 for
ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print
Scholars devoted to Hermeticism
saw the world was a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature
The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first
scientific journals appearing regularly
European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of
secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life
Humanism's main effort on the writing of history was
seculazation of historiography and the explanation of change over time
The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to
social sciences
The philosophy of Renee Descartes
stressed a separation of mind and matter
Gaileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to
support Copernicus three publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience
Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief
that humans through science were masters of nature
An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was
the Marquise du Chatelet
Deism was based on
the Newtonian World machine with god as its mechanic, designing the universe in accord with rational laws
Newton invented
the calculus
The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that
the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it
The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as
the geocentric conception
William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of
the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood
Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that
the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth
All of the following are considered possible influences in causes of the scientific revolution EXCEPT
the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by 16th century universities
Decartes believed that the world could be understood by
this same principles inherent in mathematical thinking
On the Fabric of the Human Body
was Andreas Vesalius masterpiece on anatomical structure
Montesquieu's Persian Letters
was a method that allowed him to critize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy
Benedict Spinoza believed that women
were "naturally" inferior to men
The French philosophes
were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality
The Jews of 18th century Europe
were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities