Chapter 16

The foundation of Francis bacon methodology was

Inductive reasoning

Programs were

Instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities

A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of

James Cook

Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Following up on Copernicus is heliocentric theory's

Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus' heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were elliptical

The role of women in the Scientific Revolution in the Scientific Revolution is illustrated by

Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates

The English writer who argued in a serious proposal to the ladies that women should become better educated was

Mary Astell

The ideas of Copernicus were

Nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy

The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first

Scientific journals appearing regularly

Galileo wrote

The Starry Messenger

Mariea Winkelmann

a German astronomer

In his work Penses Pascal

attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions

In Rousseau's the Social Contract, he expressed his belief that

freedom is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for all or the general will

The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aide and characterized by the development of

magazine for the general public

Above all Montesquieu's the spirit of the laws was concerned with

maintaining a balance among the various branches of government

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

religious intolerance

The French philosophes mostly included people from

the nobility and the middle class

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance and prudery was his

28 volume encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes

The best statement of Laissez Faire was made in 1776 by

Adam Smith

The scientific revolution of the 17th century

Although on innovative phase in Western thinking was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries

The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual and civilized was

Antoine Watteau

Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work

Antoine Watteau Return from Cythera

A less brutal approach to injustice and punishment in the 18th century is associated with

Beccaria

The immediate reaction to the clerics of the theories of Copernicus was

Condemnation, initially by protestants leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible

The author of the Progress of the Human mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was

Condorcet

For Blaise pascal, humans

Could not understand infinity only God could

What was the name of Descartes book that expanded his theories about the universe

Discourse on Method

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?

England and Germany

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what 2 countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose religious movements?

England and Germany

The scientific philosopher who provides a link between the scientist of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

Fontenelle

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was

Francois Quesnay

Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in the sixteenth and seventeenth century scientific research

Galen

The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was

Galileo

Which of the ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars?

Galileo

A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in 18th century England was

Gin

Deism is the belief that

God created the universe but does not actively run it

Concerning the first important to scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English royal society in the former's

Government support and control

The 18th century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is

Handel's Messiah

European music in the later 18th century was well characterized by

Haydn and Mozart who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to Austrian Empire

Which of the following statements best applies to Denis Diderot?

His Encyclopedia had a considerable impact, particularly after its price was greatly reduced

Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to

Lent

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by

Mary Wollstonecraft

According to Leonardo day Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things

Mathematics

The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was

Methodism

Which 18th century composer was considered most composer, most innovative and wrote the opera, the Marriage of Figaro

Mozart

18th century writer's especially in England used this new form of literacy expression to attack the hypocrisis of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers

Novels

Copernicus major book was titled

On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

Paris

For Spinoza the failure to understand God led to

People using nature for their own self interest

Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that

Planetary orbits are elliptical

Newton's major work was

Principia

Gaileo's ideas on motion included the

Principle of inertia

The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements was

Robert Boyle

Denying Descartes belief in innate ideas John Locke argued that every person was born with

a blank slate

The carnival of the Mediterranean world was

a period of intense sexual activity and gross excesses

Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the 16th century by

advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine

Isaac Newtons scientific discoveries

although readily accepted in his own country were resisted on the continent

The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia according to him was to

change the general way of thinking

Benedict de Spinoza

claimed that God was not just the creator the universe God was the universe

Concerning the European legal system by the end of the 18th century

corporal and capital punishment were on the decline

John Locke was responsible for

emphasizing the social contract between the people and government

High Culture in 18th century Europe was characterized by the

enormous impact of the publishing industry

John Locke's philosophy contributed to the development of Enlightenment ideas by arguing that a person's character was shaped by

environment not by innate ideas

The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was

evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neuman

The overall effect of the scientific revolution on the argument about woman was to

generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance

The German philosopher Immanuel Kant proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment to be

have the courage to use your own intelligence

The Foundation of Francis Bacon's methodology was

inductive reasoning

Antoine Lavoisier

is regarded as the father of modern chemistry

Copernicus preferred the heliocentric model because

it made the planetary orbits easier to calculate

Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the scientific revolution on Western Civilization

it was a major turning point

Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by

making accurate observations of the planets

The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they

popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion

In the spirit of the laws, Montesquire argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where

power is divided between the 3 branches of government

Johann Sebastian Bach

produced religious music as a way to worship God

Rousseaus's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment

proper child rearing and human education

Of great importance to the Enlightenment were the salons which

provided a forum for discussing the ideas of the philosophes

Isaac Newton and John Locke

provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society

Galileo was convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for life in 1633 for

ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print

Scholars devoted to Hermeticism

saw the world was a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature

The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first

scientific journals appearing regularly

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of

secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life

Humanism's main effort on the writing of history was

seculazation of historiography and the explanation of change over time

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

social sciences

The philosophy of Renee Descartes

stressed a separation of mind and matter

Gaileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to

support Copernicus three publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience

Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief

that humans through science were masters of nature

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was

the Marquise du Chatelet

Deism was based on

the Newtonian World machine with god as its mechanic, designing the universe in accord with rational laws

Newton invented

the calculus

The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that

the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it

The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as

the geocentric conception

William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of

the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood

Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that

the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth

All of the following are considered possible influences in causes of the scientific revolution EXCEPT

the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by 16th century universities

Decartes believed that the world could be understood by

this same principles inherent in mathematical thinking

On the Fabric of the Human Body

was Andreas Vesalius masterpiece on anatomical structure

Montesquieu's Persian Letters

was a method that allowed him to critize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy

Benedict Spinoza believed that women

were "naturally" inferior to men

The French philosophes

were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality

The Jews of 18th century Europe

were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities