chapter 16

d

A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes? A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes? mucociliary escalator acidic skin secretions lysozyme phagocytosis in the inflammatory response normal skin flora

d

Activation of C3 results in __________. Activation of C3 results in __________. release of histamine and other pro-inflammatory chemicals enhancement of phagocytosis via opsonization formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC), which causes cytolysis of bacteria all of these

e

Activation of C3a results in Activation of C3a results in attraction of phagocytes. opsonization. increased blood vessel permeability. cell lysis. acute inflammation.

e

All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT vasodilation. pain. redness. swelling. fever.

e

All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT histamine. leukotrienes. prostaglandins. kinins. lysozymes.

e

All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step? All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step? diapedesis phagocyte migration margination repair vasodilation

b

All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT saliva. HCl. the "ciliary escalator." tears. multiple layers of cells.

b

Complement proteins act as opsonins by binding to microorganisms and promoting phagocytosis. Complement proteins act as opsonins by binding to microorganisms and promoting phagocytosis. True False

b

Digestion of microorganisms occurs in phagosomes. Digestion of microorganisms occurs in phagosomes. True False

b

Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT leukocidins. formation of phagolysosomes. M protein. capsules. biofilms.

d

Innate immunity Innate immunity provides increased susceptibility to disease. involves a memory component. involves T cells and B cells. is nonspecific and present at birth. is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens.

a

Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT production of antibody. activation of complement. production of interferon. phagocytosis. inflammation.

a

Microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease. Microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease. True False

e

Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with microorganisms EXCEPT Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with microorganisms EXCEPT opsonization. trapping a bacterium against a rough surface. chemotaxis. complement. lysozyme.

b

The process by which a phagocyte moves toward a chemical signal at the site of an infection is called The process by which a phagocyte moves toward a chemical signal at the site of an infection is called adherence. chemotaxis. elimination. digestion. exocytosis.

b

What does the plasma membrane of a phagocyte attach to on a microorganism? What does the plasma membrane of a phagocyte attach to on a microorganism? Lysosomes Glycoproteins Pseudopods Phagosomes

d

What is a phagolysosome? What is a phagolysosome? A vesicle containing only an engulfed invading microorganism. A vesicle containing only digestive enzymes and other antimicrobial compounds. A protein that covers the surface of an invading microbe, making it easier for the phagocyte to ingest. The structure that results from the fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome.

c

What is the role of opsonins? What is the role of opsonins? They attract phagocytes to the location of infection. They aid in the formation of the phagolysosome. They create "handles" that make it easier for the pseudopods of phagocytes to attach to the microbe invader. They are present on the surface of phagocytes.

e

Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid? Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid? keratin and tightly packed cells skin very acidic pH stomach cerumen and sebum ear lysozyme tears and saliva mucociliary escalator intestines

e

Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity? Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity? neutrophils eosinophils basophils erythrocytes macrophages

e

Which of the following is an effect of opsonization? Which of the following is an effect of opsonization? increased margination of phagocytes cytolysis increased diapedesis of phagocytes inflammation increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms

d

Which of the following phagocytic processes occurs last in the sequence? Which of the following phagocytic processes occurs last in the sequence? Chemotaxis of the phagocyte to the site of infection Formation of the phagolysosome Adherence Exocytosis

a

Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE? Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE? They develop from neutrophils. They gather at sites of infection. They are found in certain tissues and organs. They are cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. They are mature monocytes.

b

Which of the following statements about innate immunity is true? Which of the following statements about innate immunity is true? The innate immune response does not have a mechanism for detecting invading microorganisms. It is activated only in response to tissue damage or a signal from an infected cell. Innate immunity is present at birth. It involves the activity of B and T cells. Innate immunity involves specific recognition of microorganisms via a memory response.

a

Which of the following statements concerning phagocytosis is true? Which of the following statements concerning phagocytosis is true? Bacteria are digested when the phagosome fuses with a lysosome. Phagocytes cannot ingest microorganisms unless they are coated with antibodies. Adherence always requires opsonization. Phagocytes ingest microorganisms by using protein transporters that are specific for the bacteria.

e

Which of the following statements is TRUE? Which of the following statements is TRUE? Beta interferon attacks invading viruses. Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis. All three types of interferons have the same effect on the body. Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses. Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages.

a

Which statement regarding the lymphatic system is true? Lymphatic capillaries possess one-way valves. These valves permit the uptake of fluid from the body but do not allow the fluid to flow back out of the capillaries into the intracellular spaces. The thymus serves as the site for activation of B cells. The pancreas contains lymphocytes and macrophages that monitor the blood for microbes. Lymph nodes are sites of activation of neutrophils, which destroy microbes.

b

You note that the body temperature of one of your patients is starting to increase. As a result, you can infer that all of the following may be occurring in this patient EXCEPT __________. constriction of blood vessels dilation of blood vessels increased metabolic rate shivering