Chapter 16: Digestive System

Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum

Absorption

Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system

Fundus

The rounded superior portion of the stomach

Functions of the Digestive System

ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, excretion

The serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal cavity is the

parietal peritoneum

Enzymes produced at the microvilli of the small intestine that break the peptide bonds in proteins to form amino acids are called

peptidases

The liver is located in the ______ abdominal quadrant.

right upper

The folds of mucous membrane within the lining of the stomach that allow for stretching are called

rugae

In the mouth, starch is broken down by ______.

salivary amylase

Gastroesophageal opening

Opening from the esophagus into the stomach

Elimination

Process by which waste products are removed from the body

Cardiac region

Region of the stomach near the gastroesophageal opening

What is the primary function of the stomach?

Storage and mixing chamber

The three phases of the regulation of stomach secretion in order of occurrence are the __________, __________, and intestinal phases.

cephalic gastric

The first part of the digestive tract, bounded by the lips and cheeks, is the ______.

oral cavity

The organ of the digestive system composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue, located posterior to the stomach, is the

pancreas

Amylase promotes the partial digestion of ______.

starch

The esophagus carries food directly to the ______.

stomach

A macromolecule that consists of a glycerol and three fatty acids is classified as a ______.

triglycerides

Digestion

Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts

The process of chewing is called

mastication

What type of digestion involves mastication and mixing of food?

mechanical

Stomach movements that combine ingested materials and stomach secretions to form chyme are _________ waves, and stomach movements that force chyme toward the pyloric sphincter are ___________ waves.

mixing peristaltic

The oral cavity is more commonly called the ______.

mouth

Which of these substances is NOT absorbed by the large intestine?

Glucose

Identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion.

Nasopharynx

Triglycerides contain ______.

glycerol and fatty acids

The serous membrane that covers the organs of the abdominal cavity is the _______ peritoneum, and the serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal wall is the _____________ peritoneum

visceral parietal

When chyme is dilute, water will ______.

Be absorbed across the intestinal epithelium

______ waves are relatively weak, whereas ______ waves are stronger.

Mixing; peristaltic

Identify the three phases that regulate secretion by the stomach.

Cephalic phase Gastric phase Intestinal phase

Nucleases

Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA

Lipase

Chemical digestion of fats

Amylase

Chemical digestion of polysaccharides

Proteolytic enzymes

Chemical digestion of proteins

Pyloric sphincter

Constrictor between the stomach and the small intestine

Identify the enzymes that aid in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates. Select all that apply.

Disaccharidases Amylase

Identify the types of enzymes secreted by the small intestine. Select all that apply.

Disaccharidases Peptidases

Identify the components of pancreatic juice. Select all that apply.

Enzymes to digest lipids Bicarbonate ions Enzymes to digest nucleic acids Enzymes to digest carbohydrates Enzymes to digest proteins

Bicarbonate ion

Raises the pH of the small intestine

Identify the substances absorbed by the large intestine. (Select all that apply.)

Salt Vitamin K Water

Identify the types of movements that occur within the small intestine. (Select all that apply.)

Segmental contractions Peristaltic contractions

Identify the functions of the liver. (Select all that apply.)

Synthesis of new molecules Production of bile Storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Conversion of ammonia into urea

Ingestion

The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach

The major divisions of the digestive system include the digestive tract and the _______ organs

associated

The cecum is the ______ of the large intestine.

beginning

The region of the large intestine located at the proximal end, where the large intestine meets the small intestine, is the

cecum

The type of digestion, which is accomplished by digestive enzymes is __________ digestion

chemical

Choose the functions of the liver. (Select all that apply.)

conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates production of blood proteins, including clotting factors detoxification of harmful substances nutrient storage

The process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus is called swallowing or

deglutition

The initial segment of the small intestine is called the ______.

duodenum

The laryngopharynx carries food directly to the ______.

esophagus

The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the

esophagus

Disaccharidases and peptidases are enzymes secreted by the ______.

small intestine

Salivary amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks down _________.

starch

Identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.

stomach

Identify the process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus.

swallowing