Chapter 16 endocrine

The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________. A) TH B) ACTH C) GH D) ADH

A) TH

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure B) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure C) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin D) by blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response

A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________. A) entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei B) exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism C) causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure D) acting to decrease basal metabolic rate

A) entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene B) finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity C) stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen D) increasing blood pressure

A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) enzyme B) humoral C) neural D) hormonal

A) enzyme

Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults? A) liver B) spleen C) thyroid gland D) brain

A) liver

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems B) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates D) hormone binding to intracellular receptors

A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Oxytocin ________. A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion C) exerts its most important effects during menstruation D) controls milk production

A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A) the heart B) the kidney C) the skin D) the spleen

A) the heart

The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by A. TH. B. ACTH C. ADH. D. FSH. E. TSH

A. TH.

Which of the following is a steroid hormone? A. Testosterone B. TSH C. PTH D. ACTH E. Epinephrine

A. Testosterone

Somatostatin is considered paracrine because it acts on A. acts locally on cells other than those that secrete it. B. distant target organs. C. the cells that secrete it. D. the hypothalamus to inhibit or activate the secretion of other hormone

A. acts locally on cells other than those that secrete it.

Hormonal action is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT A. degrading and removal of other hormones. B. selectivity for specific protein receptors. C. antagonistic effects between some hormones. D. mechanism of up-regulating or down-regulating. E. cooperative effect with other hormones

A. degrading and removal of other hormones.

A hormone produced by the pancreas that decreases blood sugar levels is A. insulin. B. aldosterone. C. thyroid hormone. D. calcitonin. E. glucagon

A. insulin.

Which of the following hormones would suppress insulin release? A. somatostatin B. growth hormone C. thyroxine D. epinephrine

A. somatostatin

Which of the following organs is not affected by thyroxin? A. spleen B. liver C. kidney D. ovaries

A. spleen

Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ? A. the hypothalamus B. the pancreas C. the pituitary D. the adrenal gland

A. the hypothalamus

Tropic Hormones _____ A.include ACTH and TSH B.do NOT regulate the function of other endocrine glands C.exert their effects on cells by direct gene activation D.include GH and PRL

A.include ACTH and TSH

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include_____ A.possible activation of several different second-messenger systems B.cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger C.formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates hormone binding to intracellular receptors D.hormone binding to intracellular receptors

A.possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It causes positive feedback. B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. C) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. D) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.

B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.

Leptin is secreted by ________. A) lymphocytes B) adipocytes C) goblet cells D) fibroblasts

B) adipocytes

The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. A) insulin B) aldosterone C) glucagon D) cortisol

B) aldosterone

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid based hormones? A) iron B) calcium C) sodium D) chlorine

B) calcium

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) angiotensinogen D) renin

B) epinephrine

Aldosterone ________. A) is secreted by the neurohypophysis B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption C) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood D) production is greatly influenced by ACTH

B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. A) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland B) is partly contained within the infundibulum C) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis D) is the site of prolactin synthesis

B) is partly contained within the infundibulum

Gonadocorticoid(s) ________. A) synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens B) production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty C) secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH D) hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome, also called feminization

B) production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty

ACTH ________. A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion C) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla D) is not a tropic hormone

B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells C) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone

B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________. A) blocking the action of growth hormone B) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released C) antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin D) slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity

B) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released

Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? A) blood levels of hormone B) type of hormone C) number of receptors for that hormone D) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone

B) type of hormone

The " hormone response element" is located on the cell A. RNA. B. DNA. C. enzymes. D. membrane

B. DNA.

Which of the following is the property in which a hormone can NOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone? A. Antagonism B. Permissiveness C. Synergism D. Assertiveness

B. Permissiveness

Which of the following is NOT a true hormone, but rather a trophic substance? A. Glucagon B. TSH C. Calcitonin D. Aldosterone E. Thyroid hormone

B. TSH

How do protein kinases affect enzymes? A. They increase the secretion of an enzyme. B. They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme. C. They break down the enzyme. D. They increase the release of an enzyme

B. They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme.

Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by A. changing the permeability of the cell membrane. B. binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex. C. activating cyclic AMP located outside the cell. D. using calcium ions as a second-messenger. E. activating cyclic AMP located inside the cell

B. binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex

Which of the following hormones is not a peptide? A. renin B. cholecalciferol C. ngastrin D. leptin

B. cholecalciferol

A congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size and a thick tongue and neck is due to A. deficiency of thymosin. B. deficiency of thyroxin. C. excess of synthetic growth hormone. D. insulin deficiency

B. deficiency of thyroxin.

Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of A. aldosterone. B. epinephrine. C. insulin. D. thyroid hormone. E. estrogen

B. epinephrine.

Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest A. activation time. B. half-life. C. molecule. D. chain of amino acids

B. half-life.

The stimulus for producing insulin is A. low blood amino acid concentration. B. high blood glucose concentration. C. low blood fatty acid concentration. D. low blood glucose concentration. E. low glycogen concentration

B. high blood glucose concentration.

The normal endocrine controls can be directly over-ridden by the _________ system. A. digestive B. nervous C. reproductive D. circulatory

B. nervous

Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by A. lysosomes in the cell. B. peroxidase enzymes. C. the Golgi apparatus. D. colloid endocytosis

B. peroxidase enzymes.

The adrenal gland produces the following hormones EXCEPT A. androgens. B. renin. C. aldosterone. D. epinephrine. E. cortisone

B. renin.

Excess growth hormone would cause all the following except A. diabetes. B. suppression of cancer. C. giantism in children. D. acromegally in adults

B. suppression of cancer.

All of the following apply to water soluble hormones except that A. they act on receptors in the plasma membrane. B. they work through G proteins. C. they can turn genes on. D. they are coupled with one or more intracellular messengers

B. they work through G proteins.

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. B) The physician is wronga hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence fertility. C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. D) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.

C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. A) peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers B) hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A) testosterone B) estrogen C) cortisol D) epinephrine

C) cortisol

Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________. A) diabetes mellitus B) cellular inhibition C) down-regulation D) metabolism of protein kinases

C) down-regulation

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? A) estrogen B) aldosterone C) epinephrine D) cortisone

C) epinephrine

Eicosanoids do not include ________. A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) hydrocortisones D) prostaglandins

C) hydrocortisones

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A) hepatic portal system B) general circulatory system C) hypophyseal portal system D) feedback loop

C) hypophyseal portal system

Which organ does not have hormone production? A) heart B) kidney C) liver D) skin

C) liver

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ D) nothingall hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. A) the cell's sensitivity reaction B) cellular affinity C) up-regulation D) a reaction to a stressor

C) up-regulation

Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ, but produces hormones in addition to its major function? A. Pituitary B. Pancreas C. Kidneys D. Thymus

C. Kidneys

Which of the following hormones is produced by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) and causes uterine contractions during childbirth? A. Epinephrine B. Growth hormone C. Oxytocin D. Thyroid hormone E. Insulin

C. Oxytocin

The growth-promoting functions of GH do NOT include A. increasing the blood levels of fatty acids. B. increasing the uptake of sulfur into the cartilage matrix. C. increasing the rate of glucose uptake. D. increasing the cellular uptake of amino acids

C. increasing the rate of glucose uptake.

Which of the following hormones could enter the cell? A. the growth hormone B. thyroxine C. leptin D. insulin

C. leptin

The hypothalamus DIRECTLY controls the secretions of the A. adrenal gland. B. gonads. C. pituitary gland. D. mammary gland. E. thyroid gland

C. pituitary gland.

The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of A. amino acid-based hormones. B. pituitary gland hormones. C. steroid hormones. D. pancreatic hormones. E. catecholamines

C. steroid hormones.

The binding of a hormone to its "hormone response element" would lead to the A. direct activation of enzymes in the cell. B. direct activation of second messenger agents in the cell. C. transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event. D. formation of cAMP

C. transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event.

Select the correct statement about hormonal structure of function A.Prostaglandins are biologically active peptides B.Modified cholesterol forms the main structural component of the peptone hormones C.An amino acid derivative can be a hormone D.an example of local hormone is testosterone

C.An amino acid derivative can be a hormone

Insuline, a small (51-amino acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is released _____ A.in excessive amounts in obese people B.in response to severe physical stress (i.e. ten mile run) C.when the body's glucose level rises D.when the body's gllucose level drops

C.when the body's glucose level rises

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polyuria B) polydipsia C) polyphagia D) All of these are signs.

D) All of these are signs.

Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? A) Increased calcitonin levels will cause increased blood calcium levels. B) High calcium levels cause bone resorption. C) Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in osteoblast activity. D) Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.

D) Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.

Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? A) extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone B) an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP C) second-messenger systems D) a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA

D) a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A) synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed B) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ C) not responding to a feedback mechanism D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

The major targets of growth hormone are ________. A) the blood vessels B) the adrenal glands C) the liver D) bones and skeletal muscles

D) bones and skeletal muscles

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. A) aldosterone B) insulin C) secretin D) cortisol

D) cortisol

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) a change in membrane potential B) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis C) an increase in enzymatic activity D) direct control of the nervous system

D) direct control of the nervous system

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane B) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time C) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. A) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary C) travel by arteries to the pituitary D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A) enzymes B) antibodies C) proteins D) hormones

D) hormones

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates B) catabolic inhibition C) protein synthesis D) humoral stimulation

D) humoral stimulation

ADH ________. A) increases urine production B) promotes dehydration C) is produced in the adenohypophysis D) is inhibited by alcohol

D) is inhibited by alcohol

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release B) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional C) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. A) ions B) deactivators C) nucleotides D) second messengers

D) second messengers

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. A) adrenal medulla B) pancreas C) thyroid gland D) thymus gland

D) thymus gland

Which hormone is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? A. GH B. FSH C. ACTH D. ADH E. TSH

D. ADH

All of the following statements about melatonin are true except: A. It is secreted in a diurnal cycle. B. It is a powerful antioxidant. C. It is derived from serotonin. D. Its level in the blood peaks during the day

D. Its level in the blood peaks during the day

Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid? A. Neural B. Autocrine C. Endocrine D. Paracrine

D. Paracrine

Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the A. liver. B. heart. C. hypothalamus. D. adipose tissue

D. adipose tissue

The action of hormones on living cells does NOT include A. control of the secretory functions of the cell. B. changing the permeability of the plasma membrane. C. regulation of mitotic activity of the cell. D. alteration of the structure of the plasma membrane. E. activation or deactivation of enzymes

D. alteration of the structure of the plasma membrane.

Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following except the A. myocardium. B. adipose. C. skeletal muscle. D. brain

D. brain

The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include A. cholesterol containing hormones. B. steroid hormones. C. protein-based hormones. D. glucose-containing hormones. E. amino acid-based hormones

D. glucose-containing hormones.

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A. the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates B. catabolic inhibition C. protein synthesis D. humoral stimulation

D. humoral stimulation

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of A. neural stimuli. B. hormonal stimuli. C. pituitary gland stimuli. D. humoral stimuli. E. hypothalamic stimuli

D. humoral stimuli.

The general function of parathyroid hormones is A. regulation of blood levels of glucose. B. regulating blood pressure. C. synthesis of Vitamin D. D. regulation of blood levels of calcium. E. regulation of menstrual cycle

D. regulation of blood levels of calcium.

Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they A. mediate inflammatory reactions. B. are lipid in nature. C. don't have target organs. D. they act locally, not on distal organs like true hormones.

D. they act locally, not on distal organs like true hormones.

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormone produced in the... A. adrenal medulla B. pancreas C. thyroid gland D. thymus gland

D. thymus gland

POMC is a prohormone for A. growth hormone. B. insulin. C. ACTH. D. thyroxin

D. thyroxin

Factors that inhibit TSH release do NOT include ____ A.presence of ADH B.rising levels of glucocorticoids C.somatostatin D.excessively high blood iodine concentrations

D.Excessively high blood iodine concentrations

Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells A.extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone B.an enzyme that catalyzes the formatinpo of cyclic AMP C.second-messenger systems D.a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with cell's DNA

D.a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with cell's DNA

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ____ A.enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary B.enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary C.travel by arteries to the pituitary D.first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

D.first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Growth hormone ______ A. is also called somatostatin B.is regulated by humoral mechanisms C.secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass D.promotes long bone growth during the formative years

D.promotes long bone growth during the formative years

What is the life span of most hormones? A. 1 - 5 hours B. 12 - 24 hours C. One month D. One week E. 0 - 30 minutes

E. 0 - 30 minutes

Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone? A. Zinc B. Sulfur C. Iron D. Copper E. Iodine

E. Iodine

Which of the following organs do NOT have a known endocrine function? A. Heart B. Thyroid C. Kidneys D. Intestine E. Spleen F. Stomach

E. Spleen

The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the A. ovaries. B. parathyroid glands. C. thyroid gland. D. adrenal glands. E. anterior pituitary gland. (adenohypophysis)

E. anterior pituitary gland. (adenohypophysis)

Adrenal hormones that help control the balance of minerals and water in the blood are A. norepinephrine . B. mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal medulla. C. Epinephrine D. glucocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex. E. mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex

E. mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex

Acromegaly is a condition resulting from the over-secretion of A. adrenal cortex hormones. B. thymus gland hormones. C. parathyroid hormones. D. thyroid hormones. E. the growth hormone

E. the growth hormone