Chapter 16 InQuizitive

The task of social science according to iron manufacturer Abram Hewitt was to devise ways to redistribute wealth "...in a fair and humane manner to benefit of the health of the nation."

False *Hewitt believed the task of social science was to devise ways of making "men who are equal in liberty" content with the "inequality in...distribution" inevitable in modern society.

Between the Civil War and the early twentieth century, the US experienced stagnant economic growth and loss of international markets.

False *The federal govt actively promoted industrial and agricultural development. It enacted high tariff that protected America from foreign competition, construction, and used army to remove Indians from the western lands desired by the farmers and mining companies.

In 1893, the historian Fredrick Johnson Turner gave a celebrated lecture, "The Insignificance of the Frontier in American History," in which he argued the West had acted as a destabilizing and chaotic force in American history.

False *Turner argued that the West many of the qualities we value as Americans: individual freedom, political democracy, and economic mobility. He argued the frontier had acted as a safety valve, drawing off those dissatisfied with their situation and allowing for them to change their circumstances.

"Voices of Freedom" document - chapter "Speech of Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Indians, in Washington, D.C. (1879)" What arguments does Chief Joseph make about the treatment and conditions of his fellow Nez Perce?

1. All people, whites and Native Americans alike, should be treated equally. 2. The Nez Perce would also have to change and adapt. *In 1877, Chief Joseph led his people on a 1,700-mile journey in an effort to escape to Canada after white settlers encroached upon their land. This is why Chief Joseph argued that the white men have treated his people like "outlaws" and hunted the down like "animals".

Identify the statements that describe the economic changes that occurred between 1870 and 1920.

1. Between 1870 and 1920, the percentage of people employed in agriculture decreased significantly. 2. The GNP per capita between 1879 and 1920 more than doubled. 3. Between 1870 and 1920, the percentage of people employed in industry grew significantly. *Of all people employed, agricultural employment decreased from 52% to 27% between 1870 and 1920. Despite this decrease, the number of farms actually increased from 2.7 million to 6.4 million.

Speech of Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Indians, in Washington, D.C. (1879) What are Chief Joseph's complaints about the treatment of his people?

1. Despite his view that all men are brothers, the white men do not treat Indians as equals. 2. The white men do not keep their word to his men.

During this period of time, how did the workers idea of freedom differ from those held by the owners and managers of the industry, and how did the courts construe freedom?

1. Laborers looked to the government to protect their rights and ensure fair working conditions. 2. Owners did not want the government to regulate business or interfere in the economy. 3. The courts or turn never saw that control aspects of economic activity. * Owners tended to adopt A laissez-faire notion of freedom, sometimes called "freedom of contract"; that is, the government should stay out of economic relationships. "Freedom" meant the right of individuals to form economic relationships or to pursue economic self-interest without outside interference.

Identify the events and conditions that led to the second industrial revolution that took place between the Civil War and the early 20th century.

1. The federal governments enacted tariffs that protected American industry from foreign competition. 2. There was money available for investment. 3. The country had a growing supply of labor and an expanding market for manufactured goods.

The conquest of American rest was a unique phenomenon in global history, whereby settlers moved boldly into the interior regions of a great continent with a temperate climate, bringing their families, crops, and livestock, and establishing mining and other industries.

False * Argentina, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Africa, like the United states, are termed "settler societies" because the immigrant population quickly outnumbered and displaced the native population.

Identify the statements that describe working conditions and policies during the Gilded Age in America.

1. "The miner's freedom" consisted of work rules that left skilled miners free of managerial supervision on the job. 2. Many industrial workers labored with no pensions, compensation for injuries, or protection against unemployment. *Much of the working class remained desperately poor and survived on income derived from all members of the household working. Many women and children were working the same long hours under dangerous conditions as men.

The "overwhelming labor question" replaced slavery as the hot-button topic in the late 19th century. Identify the events and actions that illustrate the "overwhelming labor question."

1. The Great Railroad Strike 2. Troops fired on striking workers in Pittsburg, killing 20 people. 3. The fed. govt. build National Guard armories in major cities to ensure troops would be on hand if strikes got out of control. *President Hayes, who a few months earlier had withdrawn troops from the South, ending Reconstruction, now sent them into the North to face striking workers. The workers, the president wrote in his diary, were :put down by force."

1883 political cartoon by PUCK magazine. In this image, _____ _____ like Cornelius Vanderbilt sit safely perched on their millions of dollars made from the labor of _____, who stand in a sea of _____ _____.

1. robber barons 2. workers 3. hard times *The workers depicted here are drifting in a sea of hard times. Clothworkers, for example, we're making dollar nine per week and linen workers, on average, dollar eleven per week. This posed a stop contrast to the robber barons and their richest sitting atop the raft. Park was a popular magazine during the Gilded Age. Founded in 1871, puck commonly used satire to highlight controversial political and social issues. Here, the cartoons artist take a stab at errors gross exploitation of workers and unscrupulous robber barons.

Identify the statements that describe the Knights of Labor.

The Knights of Labor included women in its membership. * The Knights gave into racial prejudice on the West Coast and excluded Asian from joining.

The battle of the little bighorn was an example of how Indians occasionally managed to defeat army units as they sought to defend their tribal lands.

True * General George Custer and center command of 250 men perished in a battle against Sioux and Cheyenne lawyers led by sitting bull and Crazy Horse, who were defending tribal lands in the Black Hills of the Dakota territory.

The Knights of Labor were the first group to try to organize unskilled and skilled labor, both men and women, and black and white, do they give in to West Coast racism an excluded despised immigrants from Asia on the West Coast.

True *The group reached a peak membership of nearly 800,000 in 1886 (making it the largest labor organization of the 19th century) an involve millions of workers in strikes, boycotts, political action, and educational and social activities.

During the Gilded Age, the federal government sought to define the place of Native Americans in society and address questions of indigenous citizenship. Place the following events in chronological order.

1. Congress illuminated the treaty system with native tribes. 2. The US Supreme Court ruled in elk versus Wilkins that citizenship did not apply to Native Americans. 3. the doors act was passed, dividing tribal land into parcels of land open for white settlement. 4. Congress extended citizenship to all Native Americans. * Laws and treaties in the late 19th century offered Native Americans citizenship if their band and their tribal culture Anna simulated into white society. But many Native Americans clung desperately to their tribal identity, leaving questions of assimilation, citizenship, and identity unresolved for decades.

On the map below, select cities that served as important very little junctions in the late 19th century. These are typically identified as cities where more than one rail line converges.

1. Denver 2. Omaha 3. Chicago 4. Atlanta * Multiple railroad lines connected in Atlanta, making Atlanta then "New South's" most important city. The Gilded Age unleashed the "golden age" of the railroads. By 1880, the transcontinental railroad network provided a truly integrated national economy. Miss railroad transported western resources to eastern industrial factories and manufacturers of goods throughout the nation.

Identify the statements that describe the Haymarket affair.

1. Eight men were charged with carrying out the bombing. 2. four strikers were killed by police on May 3rd, 1886, when they clashed with strikebreakers. * Please read it the offices of Labor and radical groups, and arrested their leaders.

Identify the statements that describe examples of Christian moral reform and its successful attempts to stamp out sin.

1. Gambling, prostitution, polygamy, and birth control were all targets of legislation attempts to control or eliminate by evangelical Christians in the Gilded Age. 2. Women's Christian Temperance union. 3. Mann act of 1910. *This legislation banned the transportation of women across state lines or immoral purposes in an effort to suppress prostitution.

Robber barons

1. Ironically, many of the "robber barons" rose from modest backgrounds and seemed examples of how creative genius and business sense enabled Americans to seize success. 2. John D. Rockefeller was considered by many to be the worst robber barons. *Carnegie and Rockefeller, for example, gave much of their fortunes away, establishing foundations to promote education and medical research. Still, robber barons attracted both admirations and contempt.

Identify the statements that describe liberal reformers during the Gilded Age.

1. Liberal reformers feared that as lower classes look to use government to further their own interest, democracy was becoming a threat to individual liberty and the right to property. 2. Some liberal reformers urged to return a property qualifications for voting. * many liberal reformers feared that the close link between freedom and equality, forged in revolution and reinforced during the civil war, appeared out of date in the new industrial age.

In this video, Eric Foner discusses court decisions held against labor on the grounds of individual freedom, specifically liberty of contract. What were the most important decisions made by the Court?

1. The Supreme Court ruled that state laws regulating corporate behavior, limiting a number of hours a person could work, were unconstitutional under the 14th amendment. 2. The Supreme Court overturned laws that made it illegal for companies to pay their employees in scrip that could only be used at certain stores in the grounds that it violated the right of property of these corporations. *Courts in the 19th century tended to side with big businesses, limiting regulations and impeding organized labor.

How does this artist depict the American economy during the Gilded Age?

1. Uncle Sam sold its manufactured products throughout the globe. 2. The American economy was diversified, not reliant on just one product. * Quite the opposite, in fact, this cartoon represents the booming American economy, emerging during the Gilded Age as a global economy. The Gilded Age witnessed incredible dramatic economic growth. Admittedly, some of this economic prosperity came through ruthless business competition, unscrupulous robber barons, and exploitation of workers. In the years after the civil war, these factors combined to make the United States a modern economic nation.

Identify the statements that describe American westward expansion.

1. Western states used land donated by federal government established public universities. 2. in the 20th century, the American voice became the focus of federally funded dams and irrigation systems. * It took New Mexico 62 years to achieve statehood. It was not the only territory to remain under federal control for an extended period; It took you Utah 46 years and Arizona 49 years to become states.

As the United states matured into an industrial economy, Americans struggled to make sense of a new social order that included "better classes," and "dangerous classes." identify the statements that describe the nation's social problem during the Gilded Age.

1. there was a growing permanent factory population living on the edge of poverty alongside a growing class of millionaires, which posed a sharp challenge to traditional definitions of freedom. 2. Throughout the United states, state and local governments set up investigative committees to inquire into the relations between labor and capital in the face of increasing unrest. * According to iron manufacturer Abram Hewitt, the task of science was to devise ways of making "men who are equal in liberty" content with the "inequality in... distribution" inevitable in modern society.

In 1879, the United states went off the gold standard to help debt-ridden farmers.

False * in 1879, the United states returned to the gold standard by which currency was exchangeable with gold at a fixed rate. This limited inflation, which did not help debt-ridden farmers who needed more money in circulation. For example, if a farmer borrowed $100 at face value, with inflation, the purchasing power (actual value) decline period the face value of $100 was still on the bill comma but it purchased but equivalent of dollar eighty a few years later period this meant that farmers could pay back those loans at face value and not actual purchasing power period the gold standard benefiting big banks and eastern industrialists as they controlled the value of currency. Farmers faced higher prices for manufactured goods as their value of their crops plummeted.

Most of the farms on the Great Plains were bonanza farms that covered thousands of acres and employed large numbers of agricultural wage workers.

False *Bonanza farms were large farms, often owned by companies and run by professional managers. This style of farming did not constitute the majority of farmers in the Great Plains.