Theories of Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
-Charles Spearman—"g" factor -Louis Thurstone—intelligence as a person's "pattern" of mental abilities -Howard Gardner—multiple intelligences -Sternberg-triarchic theory -Emotional Intelligence - ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
Robert Sternberg
-Analytic/Academic "intelligence"—mental processes used in learning how to solve problems -Creative "intelligence"—ability to deal with novel situations by drawing on existing skills and knowledge -Practical "intelligence"—ability to adapt to the environment (street smarts)
Robert Sternberg (1949- ) Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
-Author of a Triarchic theory of multiple intelligences consisting of of 3 mental abilities -Disagrees with Gardner in calling these intelligences. -Instead believes these are talents or abilities. -Said Intelligence is a general quality -Stresses both the universal aspects of intelligent behavior and the importance of adapting to a certain social and cultural climate. -Also called Successful Intelligence
Howard Gardner (1943- ) Multiple Intelligences
-Author of a contemporary theory of multiple intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds of intelligence -Multiple Intelligences - several independent mental abilities that allow a person to solve problems, create products that are valued within one's culture. -Intelligence defined within the context of culture -Can't really measure it using a standard IQ test.
IQ Tests however do not measure:
Creativity Achievement motivation Goal-oriented behavior Ability to adapt to one's environment
bodily-kinesthetic
balance, strength, endurance
creative intelligence
inventing, designing
visual-spacial
judging distance, map reading, geometry
intrapersonal
knowledge of self
verbal-linguistic
reading, comprehension, and writing
logical-mathematical
solving math and logic problems
Louis L. Thurstone
-Intelligence is a cluster of abilities. -Believed intelligence comprised of 7 different "primary mental abilities" each independent from the other. -Examples: Verbal Comprehension, numerical ability, reasoning & perceptual speed -The g factor was just an overall average score of these independent abilities. -Looked for a pattern of mental abilities like Wechsler.
emotional intelligence
-The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions -People high in emotional intelligence are more in touch with their feelings and the feelings of others.
Charles Spearman (1863-1945) General Intelligence (g-factor)
-Theorized that a general intelligence factor (g) underlies other, more specific aspects of intelligence -Based this on how he noticed people who did well on one test tended to do similarly well on others. -Agreed with Terman that a single overall IQ score was best.
Crystallized Intelligence
-learning from past experiences and learning. -Situations that require crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension and vocabulary exams. -This type of intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. -This type of intelligence becomes stronger as we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding.
Fluid Intelligence
-the ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. -This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. -Examples: solving puzzles and coming up with problem solving strategies. -Both types of intelligence increase throughout childhood and adolescence. -Fluid intelligence peaks in adolescence and begins to decline progressively beginning around age 30 or 40.
IQ Tests do a good job measuring:
Logical thinking Problem solving Capacity to acquire knowledge
analytic intelligence
analyzing, comparing, evaluating
practical intelligence
applying, using
musical-rhytmic
appreciating and creating music, music theory
naturalistic
appreciating nature, ability to work with plants and animals
interpersonal
listening, cooperation, sensitivity to others
