Theories of Intelligence

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Theories of Intelligence

-Charles Spearman—"g" factor -Louis Thurstone—intelligence as a person's "pattern" of mental abilities -Howard Gardner—multiple intelligences -Sternberg-triarchic theory -Emotional Intelligence - ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

Robert Sternberg

-Analytic/Academic "intelligence"—mental processes used in learning how to solve problems -Creative "intelligence"—ability to deal with novel situations by drawing on existing skills and knowledge -Practical "intelligence"—ability to adapt to the environment (street smarts)

Robert Sternberg (1949- ) Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

-Author of a Triarchic theory of multiple intelligences consisting of of 3 mental abilities -Disagrees with Gardner in calling these intelligences. -Instead believes these are talents or abilities. -Said Intelligence is a general quality -Stresses both the universal aspects of intelligent behavior and the importance of adapting to a certain social and cultural climate. -Also called Successful Intelligence

Howard Gardner (1943- ) Multiple Intelligences

-Author of a contemporary theory of multiple intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds of intelligence -Multiple Intelligences - several independent mental abilities that allow a person to solve problems, create products that are valued within one's culture. -Intelligence defined within the context of culture -Can't really measure it using a standard IQ test.

IQ Tests however do not measure:

Creativity Achievement motivation Goal-oriented behavior Ability to adapt to one's environment

bodily-kinesthetic

balance, strength, endurance

creative intelligence

inventing, designing

visual-spacial

judging distance, map reading, geometry

intrapersonal

knowledge of self

verbal-linguistic

reading, comprehension, and writing

logical-mathematical

solving math and logic problems

Louis L. Thurstone

-Intelligence is a cluster of abilities. -Believed intelligence comprised of 7 different "primary mental abilities" each independent from the other. -Examples: Verbal Comprehension, numerical ability, reasoning & perceptual speed -The g factor was just an overall average score of these independent abilities. -Looked for a pattern of mental abilities like Wechsler.

emotional intelligence

-The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions -People high in emotional intelligence are more in touch with their feelings and the feelings of others.

Charles Spearman (1863-1945) General Intelligence (g-factor)

-Theorized that a general intelligence factor (g) underlies other, more specific aspects of intelligence -Based this on how he noticed people who did well on one test tended to do similarly well on others. -Agreed with Terman that a single overall IQ score was best.

Crystallized Intelligence

-learning from past experiences and learning. -Situations that require crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension and vocabulary exams. -This type of intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. -This type of intelligence becomes stronger as we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding.

Fluid Intelligence

-the ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. -This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. -Examples: solving puzzles and coming up with problem solving strategies. -Both types of intelligence increase throughout childhood and adolescence. -Fluid intelligence peaks in adolescence and begins to decline progressively beginning around age 30 or 40.

IQ Tests do a good job measuring:

Logical thinking Problem solving Capacity to acquire knowledge

analytic intelligence

analyzing, comparing, evaluating

practical intelligence

applying, using

musical-rhytmic

appreciating and creating music, music theory

naturalistic

appreciating nature, ability to work with plants and animals

interpersonal

listening, cooperation, sensitivity to others


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