Chapter 16-Motivating Employees

The new CEO announced that she believed in employees running the company, not the company running the employees. Which employee statement indicates that the organization has successfully empowered employees?

"I can choose how to do a task, and use my creativity."

A start-up company has achieved a measure of stability, so executives voted to establish a policy of providing job enrichment whenever possible. Which employee report indicates that the organization has been successful in that effort?

"I've been given more responsibility and opportunity for growth."

The order of needs in Maslow's Hierarchy from most important to least important

1. Physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3. Belongingness needs 4. Esteem needs 5. Self-actualization needs

The Human Resources staff interviewing employees of the Emergency Department has found room for improvement in satisfying their safety needs. Which workplace topic that is outside of their mandate will better meet Maslow's level of safety needs?

Adequate air flow

The set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to change behavior is called:

Behavior modification

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need refers to a manager's desire to be accepted by other managers at her organization?

Belongingness

The acquired needs theory was developed by who?

David McClelland

The strategic plan of a non-profit agency described tactics to increase their employees' job satisfaction. Which outcome indicates that the organization was successful in helping employees achieve intrinsic rewards from their work?

Employees feel that solving a humanitarian problem fulfills a personal mission

A wallpaper manufacturing company wants to have happier employees. Which outcome indicates that the new CEO has successfully implemented the "making progress" principle?

Employees have more motivation and positive emotions.

This theory believes if people perceive their compensation as equal to what others receive for similar contributions, they will believe that their treatment is fair and equitable.

Equity theory

When a manager decides to give a sales rep a bonus at the end of the fiscal year for a job well done, what type of reward is this for the sales rep?

Extrinsic reward

Who developed the Two-Factor theory?

Frederick Herzberg

Empowering employees means giving employees:

Information, Knowledge, Power, Rewards

A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work is referred to as:

Job enrichment

What principle is the term for when a manager gives an employee feedback that they are getting closer, even by a small amount, toward the eventual goal?

Making progress principle

New college graduate Janine is very excited about her career possibilities. She tells her parents, "I am going to be a CEO someday, and this is the first step." Which type of reward should Janine's manager use to motive her highest productivity?

Promotions to higher responsibility

After a tumultuous fiscal year in which the top executives were replaced suddenly, a financial services company designed a plan to better engage employees. Which outcome indicates that the organization's efforts were successful?

Reduced employee turnover

All of the following are elements of employee engagement except:

Sense of achievement

Manager Jacques has not had positive results from using reminders, disciplinary measures, or nagging with a disruptive employee. Which action should Jacques take to experiment with the use of avoidance learning to change the employee's behavior?

Stopping talk about the need for change when the employee acts appropriately

In Vroom's expectancy theory, what term is used to describe the value of outcomes, or attraction to outcomes, for the individual?

Valence

The three elements that create employee engagement

a sense of meaningfulness, a sense of connection, and a sense of growth

When motivators are _________, workers are neutral toward work, but when motivators are present, workers are _____________.

absent; highly motivated

Reinforcement

anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited

Extrinsic rewards

are given by another person, typically a manager, and include promotions, praise, and pay increases

Quadrant 3 methods

attempt to influence behavior by using extrinsic rewards that create pleasure

Quadrant 2 methods

attempt to motivate people by tapping into their self-doubts or anxieties

Physiological needs

basic human physical needs include food, water, and oxygen

The __________ of managers is the biggest factor in determining whether people feel motivated and engaged at work.

behavior

The ERG model and Maslow's needs hierarchy are similar because....

both are in hierarchical form and presume that individuals move up the hierarchy one step at a time

Good hygiene factors simply remove the dissatisfaction, so they do not themselves...

cause people to become highly satisfied and motivated in their work

Perceived inequity can be reduced by:

changing work effort, changing outcomes, changing perception, and leaving the job

Need

creates desire to fulfill needs (food, friendship, recognition, achievement)

Core Job Dimensions are based on

critical Psychological States, Personal and Work Outcomes, and Employee Growth-Need Strength

Content theories

emphasize the needs that motivate people

What do managers need to understand to design an appropriate reward system?

employees' needs

Equity

exists whenever the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs equals the ratio of another's outcomes to inputs

This theory is concerned not with identifying types of needs, but with the thinking process that individuals use to achieve rewards.

expectancy theory

Process theories

explain how people select behavioral actions to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful

A certificate, medal, or badge are examples of a __________ reward.

extrinsic

Flexible work schedule and arrangements

flextime allows workers to set their own hours

Motivators

focus on highlevel needs and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth.

Reinforcement theory

focuses on changing or modifying employees' on-the-job behavior through the appropriate use of immediate rewards and punishments

Equity theory

focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others

Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP)

gives employees part ownership of the organization, enabling them to share in improved profit performance

Key components of goal-setting theory

goal specificity, goal difficulty, goal acceptance, and feedback

3 process theories

goal-setting, equity theory, and expectancy theory

Working conditions, pay and security, company polices, supervisors, interpersonal relationships are examples of...

hygiene factors

ERG theory

identified 3 categorizes of needs: existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs

Social learning theory

individual's motivation can result from the person's observations of other people's behavior

Empowering employees involves giving them these four elements that enable them to act more freely to accomplish their jobs

information, knowledge, power, and rewards

Learning a new skill or overcoming a challenge would be considered a ______________ reward.

intrinsic

E→ P expectancy

involves determining whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance

P → O expectancy

involves determining whether successful performance will lead to the desired outcome or reward

Hygiene factors

involves the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, such as working conditions, pay, company policies, and interpersonal relationships

Pay for knowledge

links employee salary with the number of task skills acquired. Workers are motivated to learn the skills for many jobs, thus increasing company flexibility and efficiency

Job enrichment

means incorporating high-level motivators into the work, including responsibility, recognition, and opportunities for growth, learning, and achievement

Achievement, recognition, responsibility, work itself, and personal growth are examples of...

motivators

3 acquired needs

need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power

Safety needs

needs include a safe and secure physical and emotional environment and freedom from threats

Self-actualization needs

needs include the need for self-fulfillment, which is the highest need category. They concern developing one's full potential, increasing one's competence, and becoming a better person

Belongingness needs

needs reflect the desire to be accepted by one's peers, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved

Esteem needs

needs relate to the desire for a positive self-image and to receive attention, recognition, and appreciation from others

Quadrants 1 and 2 are both

negative approaches to motivating

Avoidance learning is sometimes called __________________

negative reinforcement

Inequity

occurs when the input-to-outcome ratios are out of balance

Engagement

people enjoy their jobs and are satisfied with their work conditions, contribute enthusiastically to meeting team and organizational goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization

When hygiene factors are________, work is dissatisfying.

poor

Quadrants 3 and 4 are both

positive motivational approaches

The four reinforcement tools

positive reinforcement, avoidance learning, punishment, and extinction

Employee motivation affects __________________.

productivity

acquired needs theory

proposes that certain types of needs are acquired during the individual's lifetime

Goal-setting theory

proposes that managers can increase motivation and enhance performance by setting specific, challenging goals, and then helping people track their progress toward goal achievement by providing timely feedback

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory

proposes that people are motivated by multiple needs and that these needs exist in a hierarchical order

Motivation

refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action

Behavior

results in actions to fulfill needs

Gain sharing

rewards all employees and managers within a business unit when predetermined performance targets are met. Encourages teamwork

Team-based compensation

rewards employees for behavior and activities that benefit the team, such as cooperation, listening, and empowering others

Lifestyle awards

rewards employees for meeting ambitious goals with luxury items, such as tickets to big-name sporting events or exotic travel

Lump-sum bonuses

rewards employees with a one-time cash payment based on performance

Pay for performance

rewards individual employees in proportion to their performance contributions. Also called merit pay

Rewards

satisfy needs; intrinsic or extrinsic rewards

Dimensions that determine a job's motivational potential

skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback

Vicarious learning

sometimes known as observational learning, occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them

The law of effect

states that behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated

Quadrant 4

tap into deep-seated employee energy and commitment by helping people get intrinsic rewards from their work

Frustration-regression principle

that failure to meet a high-order need may trigger a regression to an already fulfilled lower-order need

Expectancy theory suggests

that motivation depends on individuals' expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards

Positive reinforcement

the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior

Job design

the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction

Punishment

the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee

The basic assumption underlying behavior modification is....

the law of effect

Behavior modification

the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior

Existence needs

the needs for physical well-being

Relatedness needs

the needs for satisfactory relationships with others

Growth needs

the needs that focus on the development of human potential and the desire for personal growth

Reinforcement theory looks at....

the relationship between behavior and its consequences

Avoidance learning

the removal of an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved, thereby encouraging and strengthening the desired behavior

Intrinsic rewards

the satisfactions that a person receives in the process of performing a particular action

Valence

the value of outcomes, or attraction to outcomes, for the individual

Extinction

the withholding of a positive reward

Quadrant 1

uses negative, extrinsic methods, such as threats or punishments, to get people to perform as desired