Chapter 16-Motivating Employees
The new CEO announced that she believed in employees running the company, not the company running the employees. Which employee statement indicates that the organization has successfully empowered employees?
"I can choose how to do a task, and use my creativity."
A start-up company has achieved a measure of stability, so executives voted to establish a policy of providing job enrichment whenever possible. Which employee report indicates that the organization has been successful in that effort?
"I've been given more responsibility and opportunity for growth."
The order of needs in Maslow's Hierarchy from most important to least important
1. Physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3. Belongingness needs 4. Esteem needs 5. Self-actualization needs
The Human Resources staff interviewing employees of the Emergency Department has found room for improvement in satisfying their safety needs. Which workplace topic that is outside of their mandate will better meet Maslow's level of safety needs?
Adequate air flow
The set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to change behavior is called:
Behavior modification
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need refers to a manager's desire to be accepted by other managers at her organization?
Belongingness
The acquired needs theory was developed by who?
David McClelland
The strategic plan of a non-profit agency described tactics to increase their employees' job satisfaction. Which outcome indicates that the organization was successful in helping employees achieve intrinsic rewards from their work?
Employees feel that solving a humanitarian problem fulfills a personal mission
A wallpaper manufacturing company wants to have happier employees. Which outcome indicates that the new CEO has successfully implemented the "making progress" principle?
Employees have more motivation and positive emotions.
This theory believes if people perceive their compensation as equal to what others receive for similar contributions, they will believe that their treatment is fair and equitable.
Equity theory
When a manager decides to give a sales rep a bonus at the end of the fiscal year for a job well done, what type of reward is this for the sales rep?
Extrinsic reward
Who developed the Two-Factor theory?
Frederick Herzberg
Empowering employees means giving employees:
Information, Knowledge, Power, Rewards
A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work is referred to as:
Job enrichment
What principle is the term for when a manager gives an employee feedback that they are getting closer, even by a small amount, toward the eventual goal?
Making progress principle
New college graduate Janine is very excited about her career possibilities. She tells her parents, "I am going to be a CEO someday, and this is the first step." Which type of reward should Janine's manager use to motive her highest productivity?
Promotions to higher responsibility
After a tumultuous fiscal year in which the top executives were replaced suddenly, a financial services company designed a plan to better engage employees. Which outcome indicates that the organization's efforts were successful?
Reduced employee turnover
All of the following are elements of employee engagement except:
Sense of achievement
Manager Jacques has not had positive results from using reminders, disciplinary measures, or nagging with a disruptive employee. Which action should Jacques take to experiment with the use of avoidance learning to change the employee's behavior?
Stopping talk about the need for change when the employee acts appropriately
In Vroom's expectancy theory, what term is used to describe the value of outcomes, or attraction to outcomes, for the individual?
Valence
The three elements that create employee engagement
a sense of meaningfulness, a sense of connection, and a sense of growth
When motivators are _________, workers are neutral toward work, but when motivators are present, workers are _____________.
absent; highly motivated
Reinforcement
anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited
Extrinsic rewards
are given by another person, typically a manager, and include promotions, praise, and pay increases
Quadrant 3 methods
attempt to influence behavior by using extrinsic rewards that create pleasure
Quadrant 2 methods
attempt to motivate people by tapping into their self-doubts or anxieties
Physiological needs
basic human physical needs include food, water, and oxygen
The __________ of managers is the biggest factor in determining whether people feel motivated and engaged at work.
behavior
The ERG model and Maslow's needs hierarchy are similar because....
both are in hierarchical form and presume that individuals move up the hierarchy one step at a time
Good hygiene factors simply remove the dissatisfaction, so they do not themselves...
cause people to become highly satisfied and motivated in their work
Perceived inequity can be reduced by:
changing work effort, changing outcomes, changing perception, and leaving the job
Need
creates desire to fulfill needs (food, friendship, recognition, achievement)
Core Job Dimensions are based on
critical Psychological States, Personal and Work Outcomes, and Employee Growth-Need Strength
Content theories
emphasize the needs that motivate people
What do managers need to understand to design an appropriate reward system?
employees' needs
Equity
exists whenever the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs equals the ratio of another's outcomes to inputs
This theory is concerned not with identifying types of needs, but with the thinking process that individuals use to achieve rewards.
expectancy theory
Process theories
explain how people select behavioral actions to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful
A certificate, medal, or badge are examples of a __________ reward.
extrinsic
Flexible work schedule and arrangements
flextime allows workers to set their own hours
Motivators
focus on highlevel needs and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth.
Reinforcement theory
focuses on changing or modifying employees' on-the-job behavior through the appropriate use of immediate rewards and punishments
Equity theory
focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others
Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP)
gives employees part ownership of the organization, enabling them to share in improved profit performance
Key components of goal-setting theory
goal specificity, goal difficulty, goal acceptance, and feedback
3 process theories
goal-setting, equity theory, and expectancy theory
Working conditions, pay and security, company polices, supervisors, interpersonal relationships are examples of...
hygiene factors
ERG theory
identified 3 categorizes of needs: existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs
Social learning theory
individual's motivation can result from the person's observations of other people's behavior
Empowering employees involves giving them these four elements that enable them to act more freely to accomplish their jobs
information, knowledge, power, and rewards
Learning a new skill or overcoming a challenge would be considered a ______________ reward.
intrinsic
E→ P expectancy
involves determining whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance
P → O expectancy
involves determining whether successful performance will lead to the desired outcome or reward
Hygiene factors
involves the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, such as working conditions, pay, company policies, and interpersonal relationships
Pay for knowledge
links employee salary with the number of task skills acquired. Workers are motivated to learn the skills for many jobs, thus increasing company flexibility and efficiency
Job enrichment
means incorporating high-level motivators into the work, including responsibility, recognition, and opportunities for growth, learning, and achievement
Achievement, recognition, responsibility, work itself, and personal growth are examples of...
motivators
3 acquired needs
need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power
Safety needs
needs include a safe and secure physical and emotional environment and freedom from threats
Self-actualization needs
needs include the need for self-fulfillment, which is the highest need category. They concern developing one's full potential, increasing one's competence, and becoming a better person
Belongingness needs
needs reflect the desire to be accepted by one's peers, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved
Esteem needs
needs relate to the desire for a positive self-image and to receive attention, recognition, and appreciation from others
Quadrants 1 and 2 are both
negative approaches to motivating
Avoidance learning is sometimes called __________________
negative reinforcement
Inequity
occurs when the input-to-outcome ratios are out of balance
Engagement
people enjoy their jobs and are satisfied with their work conditions, contribute enthusiastically to meeting team and organizational goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization
When hygiene factors are________, work is dissatisfying.
poor
Quadrants 3 and 4 are both
positive motivational approaches
The four reinforcement tools
positive reinforcement, avoidance learning, punishment, and extinction
Employee motivation affects __________________.
productivity
acquired needs theory
proposes that certain types of needs are acquired during the individual's lifetime
Goal-setting theory
proposes that managers can increase motivation and enhance performance by setting specific, challenging goals, and then helping people track their progress toward goal achievement by providing timely feedback
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory
proposes that people are motivated by multiple needs and that these needs exist in a hierarchical order
Motivation
refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action
Behavior
results in actions to fulfill needs
Gain sharing
rewards all employees and managers within a business unit when predetermined performance targets are met. Encourages teamwork
Team-based compensation
rewards employees for behavior and activities that benefit the team, such as cooperation, listening, and empowering others
Lifestyle awards
rewards employees for meeting ambitious goals with luxury items, such as tickets to big-name sporting events or exotic travel
Lump-sum bonuses
rewards employees with a one-time cash payment based on performance
Pay for performance
rewards individual employees in proportion to their performance contributions. Also called merit pay
Rewards
satisfy needs; intrinsic or extrinsic rewards
Dimensions that determine a job's motivational potential
skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback
Vicarious learning
sometimes known as observational learning, occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them
The law of effect
states that behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated
Quadrant 4
tap into deep-seated employee energy and commitment by helping people get intrinsic rewards from their work
Frustration-regression principle
that failure to meet a high-order need may trigger a regression to an already fulfilled lower-order need
Expectancy theory suggests
that motivation depends on individuals' expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards
Positive reinforcement
the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior
Job design
the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction
Punishment
the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee
The basic assumption underlying behavior modification is....
the law of effect
Behavior modification
the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior
Existence needs
the needs for physical well-being
Relatedness needs
the needs for satisfactory relationships with others
Growth needs
the needs that focus on the development of human potential and the desire for personal growth
Reinforcement theory looks at....
the relationship between behavior and its consequences
Avoidance learning
the removal of an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved, thereby encouraging and strengthening the desired behavior
Intrinsic rewards
the satisfactions that a person receives in the process of performing a particular action
Valence
the value of outcomes, or attraction to outcomes, for the individual
Extinction
the withholding of a positive reward
Quadrant 1
uses negative, extrinsic methods, such as threats or punishments, to get people to perform as desired