Chapter 16

If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called

adrenergic.

Neurons that release norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter are called

adrenergic.

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.

beta-1 adrenergic

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.

chain

A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is "

coma.

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of ________ options

control

The parasympathetic division is also called the ________ division.

craniosacral

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in a(n) _____________ in blood flow through the vessel"

increase

The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is true only for the _____________ nervous system.

parasympathetic

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is true for only the ______________ division of the ANS

parasympathetic

The conscious state is maintained by the

reticular activating system.

Sympathetic nerves contains ________ preganglionic fibers and ___________ postganglionic fibers

short, longer

Autonomic disorders would not cause problems related to ______________ function

skeletal muscle

A state of unconsciousness in which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli is

sleep.

Nicotinic receptors open chemically-gate ___________ channels.

sodium ion

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating excessive

heart rate.

Which statement is true regarding the somatic nervous system as compared to the autonomic nervous system?

Both divisions carry outgoing motor information.

Decreases heart rate is/is not associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers.

Is not

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?

a sweat gland

Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be ___________ blocking agents.

autonomic

The level of tonic activity of autonomic neurons determines the ________ of an individual.

autonomic tone

The suprarenal medullae secrete

both epinephrine and norepinephrine

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon _________________ levels of stimulation

both parasympathetic and sympathetic

The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is true for _______________________ nervous system(s).

both the parasympathetic and sympathetic

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is true for

both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in both the ___________ and the __________________ of the spinal cord.

brain, the lateral gray horns

What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake?

depression

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state?

digestion

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except

dilation of the airways.

Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

dual

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in increased ________ and _________ of contraction

heart rate, force

The neurotransmitter ACH is always __________ when used in the synapses of the ____________ nervous system.

excitatory, sympathetic

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

ganglionic neurons.

Parasympathetic stimulation increases

gastric motility

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic nerves synapse on neurons located within ________ ganglia.

intramural

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the ________ _______ horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury?

left pupil and heart

In the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system preganglionic fibers are relatively ______ and postganglionic fibers are relatively _____.

long, short

The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________.

norepinephrine; serotonin

Craniosacral division is another name for the ________________ division of the ANS.

parasympathetic

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest."

parasympathetic

The saying "rest and digest" is the response of the ________ division of the ANS.

parasympathetic

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n)________ neuron.

preganglionic

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

suprarenal medullae

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving both ________________________ innervation.

sympathetic and parasympathetic

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when ____________ stimulation is ___________

sympathetic, increased.

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located?

thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?

thoracolumbar division