Chapter 16
If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called
adrenergic.
Neurons that release norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter are called
adrenergic.
A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.
beta-1 adrenergic
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.
chain
A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is "
coma.
Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of ________ options
control
The parasympathetic division is also called the ________ division.
craniosacral
A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in a(n) _____________ in blood flow through the vessel"
increase
The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is true only for the _____________ nervous system.
parasympathetic
The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is true for only the ______________ division of the ANS
parasympathetic
The conscious state is maintained by the
reticular activating system.
Sympathetic nerves contains ________ preganglionic fibers and ___________ postganglionic fibers
short, longer
Autonomic disorders would not cause problems related to ______________ function
skeletal muscle
A state of unconsciousness in which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli is
sleep.
Nicotinic receptors open chemically-gate ___________ channels.
sodium ion
Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating excessive
heart rate.
Which statement is true regarding the somatic nervous system as compared to the autonomic nervous system?
Both divisions carry outgoing motor information.
Decreases heart rate is/is not associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
Is not
Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?
a sweat gland
Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be ___________ blocking agents.
autonomic
The level of tonic activity of autonomic neurons determines the ________ of an individual.
autonomic tone
The suprarenal medullae secrete
both epinephrine and norepinephrine
Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon _________________ levels of stimulation
both parasympathetic and sympathetic
The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is true for _______________________ nervous system(s).
both the parasympathetic and sympathetic
The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is true for
both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in both the ___________ and the __________________ of the spinal cord.
brain, the lateral gray horns
What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake?
depression
The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state?
digestion
Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except
dilation of the airways.
Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
dual
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in increased ________ and _________ of contraction
heart rate, force
The neurotransmitter ACH is always __________ when used in the synapses of the ____________ nervous system.
excitatory, sympathetic
Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on
ganglionic neurons.
Parasympathetic stimulation increases
gastric motility
Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic nerves synapse on neurons located within ________ ganglia.
intramural
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the ________ _______ horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury?
left pupil and heart
In the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system preganglionic fibers are relatively ______ and postganglionic fibers are relatively _____.
long, short
The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________.
norepinephrine; serotonin
Craniosacral division is another name for the ________________ division of the ANS.
parasympathetic
The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest."
parasympathetic
The saying "rest and digest" is the response of the ________ division of the ANS.
parasympathetic
A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n)________ neuron.
preganglionic
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the
suprarenal medullae
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving both ________________________ innervation.
sympathetic and parasympathetic
In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when ____________ stimulation is ___________
sympathetic, increased.
In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located?
thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?
thoracolumbar division
