Chapter 17

Italian Neo-Platonist philosophers believed that A)the search for order in nature was part of the search for knowledge about God. B)experimental investigation had to be divorced from theological speculation. C)study of the humanities was much more important than the study of nature. D)the search for knowledge about God began with experimental observation. E)a sharp break with a ntiqui ty was necessary.

A

René Descartes believed that A)certainty can be grounded in the conclusion, "I think therefore I am." B)both the existence of God and nature can be proven by experimentation. C)matter and spirit cannot be separated. D)knowledge must be built on tradition and some doctrine. E)science could be misused and damage nature.

A

The Almagest was A)a handbook of Greek astronomy produced by Ptolemy. B)Aristotle's summary of his cosmology. C)Johannes Kepler's discourse on alchemy. D)Ficino's exposition of Neo-Platonism. E)the Arabic translation of Aristotle's Metaphysics .

A

The Liga may correctly be associated with A)a group of priests and academics who opposed Galileo. B)scientists who attempted to communicate with each other on new discoveries. C)a papal conference called to dispute the new science. D)a group of priests and academics who opposed Galileo and a papal conference called to dispute the new science. E)the cooperation among Protestants, Jews, and Muslims directed against the papacy.

A

The Scientific Revolution resulted in all the following EXCEPT A)complete secularization. B)confidence in the progress of human knowledge. C)optimism about the ability of societies to solve their problems. D)the separation of theology into a field of its own. E)a growing disdain for tradition, popular beliefs.

A

Galileo believed A)mathematics was the language of nature. B)the moon is as smooth as it was presumed to be. C)experimentation was unimportant to the natural philosopher. D)bodies of unequal weight will fall at different rates. E)all of the above

A

In Newton's new universe A)​the mechanical worldview was dependent on the will of God. B)​there was no room for God. C)​the genius of the thinker was more significant than the power of God. D)​science could never be used in the service of the Anglican church. E)none of the above

A

Isaac Newton was son of a A)yeoman farmer. B)high-ranking noble. C)wealthy London merchant. D)village day-laborer. E)minister in the Anglican Church.

A

The Galenic theory of medicine was based on A)the conception that blood circulated. B)the concept of the humors. C)Neo-Platonic ideas. D)Aristotle's Botany. E)religion and magic.

B

The language of the new science - and of the universe it sought to understand - was A)poetry. B)mathematics. C)allegory. D)geometry. E)faith.

B

The matter and form theory of nature held that A)matter consisted of tiny corpuscles formed by natural forces. B)everything was made of matter shaped by form. C)matter was the substance of the universe while form was a human perception projected on matter. D)everything reflected forms which existed in a world beyond matter. E)matter and form can be expressed mathematically.

B

The medieval understanding of the universe A)was based solely on Judeo-Christian thought. B)combined Greek philosophy and Christian thought. C)was based solely on Greek thought. D)subordinated faith to observation. E)was hierarchical and mechanistic.

B

The text identifies which famous thinker as seeing no contradiction in searching for mathematical laws of nature while practicing alchemy? A)Nicolaus Copernicus B)Isaac Newton C)Johannes Kepler D)Tycho Brahe E)Galileo Galilei

B

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? A)Newtonian principles may be related to applied mechanics. B)Paracelsian ideas were never accepted because they always retained magical connotations. C)William Harvey compared the heart to a pump. D)Vesalius was a proponent of dissection of corpses. E)The day-to-day practice of medicine changed little between 1600 and 1700.

B

Which of the following was the revolutionary theory advanced in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ? A)geocentric theory B)heliocentric theory C)crystalline orbits D)elliptical orbits E)a higher and a lower world

B

Who developed the theory of universal gravitation? A)Kepler B)Newton C)Galileo D)Brahe E)Descartes

B

Who used the mechanistic view of the world to state that the heart was a mechanical pump? A)Andreas Vesalius B)William Harvey C)Herman Boerhaave D)Robert Boyle E)Paracelsus

B

Who was the first to challenge Galenic medicine in early modern Europe? A)Vesalius B)Paracelsus C)Harvey D)Boyle E)Pasteur

B

Alchemy originated in A)Italy. B)England. C)Arabia. D)Spain. E)France.

C

How did Tycho Brahe's astronomical observations undermine the Ptolemaic model of the universe? A)They demonstrated that Jupiter had moons. B)They demonstrated the existence of yet undiscovered planets beyond Saturn whose gravity was influencing the known planets. C)They demonstrated that the comet of 1577 needed to have passed right through the crystalline spheres postulated by the Ptolemaic model. D)They demonstrated that the planets must have circular orbits. E)They demonstrated that planetary motion was elliptical not circular.

C

Newton believed gravity to be A)an inanimate but unexplained force. B)an effect produced by the curvature of the time-space continuum. C)the will of God in the universe. D)a quality acquired by matter under some circumstances. E)the pull exerted by the need of objects to return to their proper place.

C

Opticks is a work in which A)Descartes projected his cosmological view. B)Galileo wrote about the telescope. C)Newton discussed his theory of light. D)Bruno criticized the close-minded perspectives of the clergy. E)Alexander Pope declared "Let Newton be and All was Light."

C

Paracelsian medicine included all the following EXCEPT A)a struggle against a self-serving medical establishment. B)an enthusiastic vision of human vitality and longevity. C)pioneering work in dissection and anatomy. D)the development of diagnostic medicine and the use of chemical remedies. E)no reliance of the relevance of the position of the stars on health.

C

The Englishman who served as lord chancellor to James I and argued that science should improve humanity's material condition was A)Isaac Newton. B)Edmund Halley. C)Francis Bacon. D)Robert Boyle. E)William Harvey.

C

The Ptolemaic model of the universe troubled Copernicus mainly because A)it disagreed with observations of the planets. B)it contradicted the Biblical cosmology. C)its mathematics was so complex. D)it contradicted Aristotle's cosmology. E)it lacked internal consistency.

C

The first observations of the moons around Jupiter were made by A)Brahe. B)Kepler. C)Galileo. D)Bacon. E)Newton.

C

The first scientific society in the world for women was established in A)England. B)France. C)the Dutch Republic. D)North America. E)There never was such a society.

C

The philosophical efforts of which of the following adapted Aristotle's thought to Christian beliefs? A)Augustine B)Pope Gregory I C)Thomas Aquinas D)Pico E)Erasmus

C

When Tycho pursued his research A)his ideas were dominated by Copernican conclusions. B)he came to disavow the Bible. C)he observed a new star. D)he was hampered by failure to keep exact calculations. E)he rejected Aristotle's theories.

C

Which of the following contributed LEAST to the dissemination of the new scientific worldview in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A)academies founded by monarchs or other elites B)handbooks and lectures C)universities D)publications in the vernacular E)enthusiasm among much of the educated elite

C

Which of the following is NOT consistent with Aristotle's ideas? A)absolute heaviness and absolute lightness B)an earth-centered universe C)a personal God D)heavenly objects moving in perfect circles E)motion in the universe originated with the Unmoved Mover

C

Which of the following is true of the life of Sir Isaac Newton? A)Newton's contemporaries knew a great deal more about him than modern researchers. B)Almost all of Newton's manuscript collections have been lost. C)Newton was a deeply private person. D)Newton abandoned his faith is later life. E)all of the above

C

Which of the following statements best describes the role alchemy played in the development of modern science? A)Alchemy played no role in the development of the new science. B)The new science arose in opposition to alchemy. C)Alchemy was accepted by many scientists and probably gave them the confidence they needed. D)Alchemy became an integral part of modern science. E)none of the above

C

The church attacked Galileo because A)he offered a view of the universe that conflicted with certain scriptural texts. B)he was a Copernican. C)he abandoned the scholastics' view of the relationship between matter and form. D)he advanced a corpuscular theory of matter. E)​all of the above

E

The text asserts that educated Europeans no longer believed in the medieval view of the world by the A)start of the fifteenth century. B)late fifteenth century. C)start of the sixteenth century. D)start of the seventeenth century. E)late seventeenth century.

E

Which of the following can be associated with Galileo's trial? A)Galileo defended Copernicus' s heliocentric theory. B)The Catholic Church felt besieged by critics and enemies on all sides. C)Galileo's criticism of the scholastic theory of form and matter threatened the church's doctrine of the Eucharist. D)The trial stifled the progress of science in Catholic countries. E)all of the above

E

According to the text, in his synthesis, the law of universal gravitation brought together A)the experimental successes of the new science, its mathematical sophistication, and its philosophical revolution. B)the ideas of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Galileo. C)the science of Kepler, Galileo, and Ptolemy. D)Descartes, Christian Neo-Platonism, Newton's mathematical genius, and Kepler. E)Christian Neo-Platonism, Aristotelianism, and Copernicus.

A

Copernicus initiated studies that led to his revolutionary theories because A)there was a need to reform the Christian calendar. B)his father superior instructed him to do so. C)he wanted to refute some Protestant theories. D)a colleague had challenged him when he was teaching at the University of Paris. E)spiritual crises had plagued him all his life, as they have most men of genius

A

Which of the following statements best describes the Scientific Revolution? A)The new science grew gradually from the challenge posed by Copernicus. B)Copernicus largely completed the Scientific Revolution himself. C)Copernicus' s ideas were ignored for about a century, after which the Scientific Revolution took off. D)The Scientific Revolution became a battle between those who had a new, perfectly accurate, view of the universe and those who refused to entertain change. E)The Scientific Revolution spread slowly and only in Protestant countries.

A

Which of the following statements concerning the work of Newton is NOT true? A)Newton published his discoveries immediately after their formulation. B)Newton published under the sponsorship of the Royal Society. C)Newton was persuaded to publish by Edmund Halley. D)Newton's findings transformed the sciences of physics and optics. E)The Principia Mathematica made the greater impact on Newton's contemporaries than his Opticks .

A

Copernicus' s model of the universe as expounded in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres A)discarded the idea of crystalline spheres in which heavenly objects were embedded. B)included elliptical orbits for the planets. C)discarded all of the Ptolemaic epicycles. D)included the perfectly circular orbits of the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system. E)discarded Aristotle's theory of motion.

D

Neo-Platonism contributed to the rise of modern science because A)it insisted that observations had precedence over theories. B)Plato had proposed a heliocentric view of the universe. C)it promoted skepticism about man's sensory perceptions. D)it strengthened the impulse to describe nature mathematically. E)it stated that everything emanated from one source, thus all problems had a solution.

D

Tycho Brahe built the finest observatory in Europe with the aid of A)the pope. B)the Holy Roman Emperor. C)the Medici. D)the king of Denmark. E)the king of France.

D

Who argued that observation and anatomical dissection were the keys to knowing how the body works? A)Galen B)Paracelsus C)Bacon D)Vesalius E)Hippocrates

D

According to the text A)the road from the Scientific Revolution to the Industrial Revolution was much more direct than often believed. B)James Watt, who improved the steam engine had been tutored in Newtonian physics. C)microscopes and globes became quite fashionable among prosperous families. D)persecution and censorship of the new science persisted. E)all of the above

E

Achievements of Kepler include proving all of the following EXCEPT A)orbits of planets are elliptical. B)planets circle around the sun. C)planets move at different speeds. D)there was no need for epicycles. E)for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

E

Alchemical literature became an important source for A)scholastic theology. B)the theory of forms. C)navigation. D)military strategy. E)the theory of atoms.

E

As the Scientific Revolution matured, many concluded that A)human beings and nature are the foundations of all meaningful knowledge. B)science could be used to challenge the authority of the clergy and religion itself. C)science could be used to promote human well-being. D)human beings possess tremendous power to understand and change the world. E)​all of the above

E

Galenic traditions of medicine included A) advancing the Aristotelian viewpoint B) concern for balancing the body humors C) pursuing bloodletting as a method of healing D) using sweating as a remedy E) all of the above

E

Kepler was influenced by his belief A)in astrology. B)in the Platonic ideal. C)that a spiritual force infused the physical order. D)that the human mind can comprehend harmony and unity through mathematics. E)all of the above

E

Newton stated that in the essential structure of the universe, matter is A)consistent throughout. B)lifeless in its essential state. C)acted upon by immaterial forces. D)atomic in structure. E)all of the above

E