Chapter 17

43) the amount of air taken in during a single normal inspiration

tidal volume

74) List and describe the lung volumes.

Residual volume: quantity of air that cannot be expelled Expiratory reserve volume: quantity of air that is expelled only with forced expiration Tidal volume: quantity of air that is inhaled and exhaled under a specific condition, usually normal resting breathing Inspiratory reserve volume: quantity of air that can be inhaled with a forceful inspiration

69) The pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases is known as ________.

partial pressure

10) The lungs are enclosed in ________ membranes.

pleural

71) Air flows into lungs because of ________ created by ________.

pressure gradients, pumps

8) Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them. 1. secondary bronchi 2. bronchioles 3. primary bronchi 4. alveoli 5. terminal bronchioles

primary bronchi secondary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles alveoli

41) the minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can

residual volume

63) The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration is called the ________.

residual volume

70) A ________ is an instrument that measures the volume of air moved with each breath.

spirometer

54) The substance produced by the lungs to reduce surface tension is called ________.

surfactant

68) The primary function of the alveoli is ________.

the exchange of gases between themselves and the blood

20) Air moves into the lungs because

the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure.

21) Air moves out of the lungs because

the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration.

60) The volume of air moved in a single respiration is called the ________.

tidal volume

45) the sum of all the lung volumes

total lung capacity

47) the total amount of air that can be exchanged at will

vital capacity

30) If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that he expelled is his

vital capacity.

27) When alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, air flows into the lungs. A) True B) False

B) False

7) The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

alveoli

89) difficulty breathing

dyspnea

88) rapid breathing

tachypnea

25) A typical value for intrapleural pressure is ________ mm Hg.

- 3 mmHg

101) Air flow in the respiratory system and blood flow in the cardiovascular system have many similarities-name them. How are they different?

1. Flow takes place from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure. 2. A muscular pump creates pressure gradients. 3. Resistance to fluid flow is influenced primarily by the diameter of the tubes. The primary difference is that air is a compressible mixture of gases while blood is a non-compressible liquid.

73) Define lung capacity

A lung capacity is the sum of two or more lung volumes.

15) Which of the following features of the alveolar sacs allows for the ease of diffusion of gasses? A) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium. B) Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant. C) Elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur. D) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium and elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur.

A) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium.

76) During normal expiration, A) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume. B) the internal intercostal muscles are required. C) the abdominal muscles become involved. D) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume and the internal intercostal muscles are required. E) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume, the internal intercostal muscles are required, and the abdominal muscles become involved.

A) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume.

81) Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will A) increase the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. B) decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood. C) increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. D) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli. E) have no effect on either the partial pressure or diffusion rate of gases.

A) increase the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli.

31) Total cross-sectional area ________ with each division of the airways. A) increases B) decreases C) does not change

A) increases

35) Flow of air A) is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow decreases as the resistance of the system increases. B) is directly proportional to the resistance, and flow decreases as the pressure of the system increases. C) is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow increases as the resistance of the system increases. D) is directly proportional to the resistance, and flow increases as the resistance of the system increases. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow decreases as the resistance of the system increases.

1) Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system? A) regulation of water balance B) regulation of pH balance C) protection against pathogens D) vocalization E) gas exchange

A) regulation of water balance

34) The distance between the alveolar airspace and capillary endothelium is ________, allowing gases to diffuse ________ between them. A) short, rapidly B) long, rapidly C) short, slowly D) long, slowly E) None of the answers are correct-distance does not affect diffusion rate.

A) short, rapidly

36) An increase in PCO2 would cause A) the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic arterioles to dilate. B) the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic arterioles to constrict. C) the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to dilate. D) the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to constrict. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic arterioles to dilate.

18) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) the volume of the thorax increases. B) the volume of the thorax decreases. C) the volume of the lungs decreases. D) the lungs collapse. E) expiration occurs.

A) the volume of the thorax increases.

24) Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the A) upper respiratory tract. B) lower respiratory tract. C) lungs. D) alveoli. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) upper respiratory tract.

109) You were the top student in your physiology class last semester. For this reason, your professor has asked that you prepare some lectures for her physiology class this semester. Specifically, she would like you to discuss the similarities and differences between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, in terms of pressure gradients and fluid flow. A. Explain how you will describe the role of the following structures: the pump and the tubes. B. Explain how you will describe the importance of an open vs. closed system and the relevant differences between liquids and gases. C. What is fundamentally different about the respiratory pump compared to the cardiac pump, and why does this difference exist?

A. In both systems, fluids flow down a pressure gradient, within different-sized tubes of variable resistance; the pressure gradient is generated by the action of a muscular pump. In the cardiovascular system, the tubes vary from elastic arteries that minimize pressure extremes and fluctuations, muscular arteries and arterioles whose diameter is changeable to regulate flow and that account for most of the resistance, finally to the large number of tiny capillaries in parallel, with veins to conduct the blood back to the pump. In the respiratory system, the larger tubes are rigid and account for most of the resistance, and lead to a large number of tiny tubes in parallel whose diameter is adjusted to regulate flow. B. In the closed cardiovascular system, the highest pressure is generated within the left ventricle, and an incompressible liquid flows in a continuous fashion. High pressure is created when the ventricle contracts, squeezing the blood it contains; low pressure results when the ventricle relaxes. In the open respiratory system, the highest pressure during normal breathing is generated when the respiratory muscles relax, decreasing the volume of the alveoli as air flows out; low pressure results when the muscles contract. Air is compressible, thus Boyle's law of inverse relationship between volume and pressure is important. The flow of air is intermittent, flowing into the lungs then stopping, and flowing out of the lungs then stopping again. C. The driving pressure for fluid flow in the cardiovascular system is created directly by contraction of the heart chamber, and depends upon the total peripheral resistance. The driving pressure for fluid flow in the respiratory system is created indirectly by contraction of respiratory muscles, which produces a volume increase that creates a pressure decrease relative to atmospheric pressure. The compressibility of air and the incompressibility of blood, as well as the fact that the respiratory system is open and thus dependent on atmospheric pressure, while the cardiovascular system is closed and thus wholly responsible for pressure, explains these differences. Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.3

84) In a condition known as pleurisy, there is excess fluid in the pleural space. How would you expect this to affect the process of pulmonary ventilation? A) Ventilation would require less energy. B) Breathing would be labored and difficult. C) It would be easier to expand the lungs on inspiration. D) More air would be forced out during expiration. E) Tidal volume would increase.

B) Breathing would be labored and difficult.

82) In the lungs, an example of the body's reserve capacity is that A) some areas of the lung can be closed off during rest and opened again when needed during exercise. B) capillary beds in the lungs are reversibly collapsible, allowing blood to be shunted to additional areas during exercise. C) pulmonary blood flow is completely under the control of the autonomic nervous system, dilating arteries and arterioles to adjust blood flow. D) All of the statements are true. E) None of the statements are true.

B) capillary beds in the lungs are reversibly collapsible, allowing blood to be shunted to additional areas during exercise.

26) According to the law of LaPlace, when comparing two alveoli lined with fluid, pressure in the one with the ________ diameter will be greater. A) larger B) smaller

B) smaller

29) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) expiration occurs. B) intrapulmonary pressure increases. C) intrapleural pressure decreases. D) the volume of the lungs decreases. E) All of the answers are correct.

C) intrapleural pressure decreases.

78) Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is the result of A) inflammation of the bronchi. B) constriction of the trachea. C) thick secretions that exceed the ability of the mucus elevator to transport them. D) laryngospasms that occur in response to a toxic substance produced by the epithelial cells. E) collapse of one or both lungs.

C) thick secretions that exceed the ability of the mucus elevator to transport them.

9) The airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the A) pharynx. B) bronchiole. C) trachea. D) alveolar duct. E) laryngeal duct.

C) trachea

4) The lower respiratory tract includes A) all of the bronchial branches. B) only the lungs. C) only the trachea. D) all of the bronchial branches and the lungs E) all of the bronchial branches, the lungs, and the trachea.

D) all of the bronchial branches and the lungs

16) Surfactant A) protects the surface of the lungs. B) phagocytizes small particulate matter. C) replaces mucus in the alveoli. D) helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing. E) is not found in healthy lung tissue.

D) helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing.

11) The lungs are located in the ________ cavity. A) pericardial B) pulmonary C) pleural D) thoracic E) costal

D) thoracic

100) What is Dalton's law? Why is it important?

Dalton's law states that the total air pressure in a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures contributed by each individual gases (the partial pressures). It is important because the air that we breathe is a mixture of gases, gas pressure is related to amount of gas, and the respiratory system is regulated in part by the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

How would a spirometer tracing be different in a person with a collapsed lung? Why? What must occur to restore the respiratory function to normal?

Each volume would be roughly reduced by half, because only one lung is functioning. The collapsed lung cannot be used for pulmonary ventilation until the damage to the pleura is repaired and the low intrapleural pressure and residual volume is reestablished.

Match the change in gas composition with the response (disregard weak responses). A. PO2 increases. B. PCO2 increases. C. PO2 decreases. D. PCO2 decreases. 93) Bronchioles and systemic arterioles constrict.

PCO2 decreases

5) Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

116) Draw and label a spirogram in a person during exercise.

During exercise, the only things that change are the size of the tidal volume curve, which will become larger as it enters into the inspiratory and expiratory reserve capacities, and these reserve capacities will have the same extreme values but will be smaller.

28) Active expiration is produced by contraction of A) abdominal muscles only. B) diaphragm only. C) internal intercostals only. D) external intercostals only. E) abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.

E) abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.

Match the change in gas composition with the response (disregard weak responses). A. PO2 increases. B. PCO2 increases. C. PO2 decreases. D. PCO2 decreases. 91) Bronchioles and systemic arterioles dilate.

PCO2 increases.

Match the change in gas composition with the response (disregard weak responses). A. PO2 increases. B. PCO2 increases. C. PO2 decreases. D. PCO2 decreases. 92) Arterioles: systemic dilate, pulmonary constrict.

PO2 decreases.

Match the change in gas composition with the response (disregard weak responses). A. PO2 increases. B. PCO2 increases. C. PO2 decreases. D. PCO2 decreases. 90) Arterioles: systemic constrict, pulmonary dilate.

PO2 increases.

72) List the muscles of inspiration and expiration.

Inspiration: diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes, and sternocleidomastoids Expiration: internal intercostals, abdominal wall muscles

97) Distinguish between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure.

Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure inside the alveoli. Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity. Intrapleural pressure variation drives variation inside the alveoli, but is always lower than atmospheric pressure, where pressure inside the alveoli equilibrates with atmospheric pressure during the respiratory cycle.

108) A package insert for a medication states that "this medicine is a beta receptor stimulant used to treat symptoms of asthma, emphysema and other breathing conditions. Possible side effects include fast heart rate, nervousness, tremors or nausea." Why would these symptoms be expected?

Stimulation of beta receptors activates the sympathetic division, overriding the parasympathetic division. Increased heart rate, nervousness, nausea, and tremors all accompany sympathetic stimulation.

107) Sherry is not able to produce surfactant. In order to inhale a normal tidal volume, does her intrapleural pressure have to be higher or lower than for a healthy individual? Explain.

Surfactant is necessary to reduce surface tension sufficient to prevent small or collapsed alveoli. Sherry needs to inhale more forcefully to get the same tidal volume, so lower intrapleural pressure would help.

98) What is surfactant? Why is it important?

Surfactant, made by the type II alveolar cells, reduces the surface tension in the fluid in the alveoli, thereby facilitating inflation and inhibiting collapse of the alveoli.

94) Which single muscle contributes most to normal, resting inspiration? Which single muscle contributes most to normal, resting expiration?

The diaphragm muscle provides most of the force for inspiration. Normal expiration is primarily a result of the diaphragm relaxing, and expiratory muscles do not contribute.

105) A newborn infant is found dead, abandoned by the road. Among the many questions that the police would like to have answers to is whether the infant was born dead or alive. After an autopsy, the medical examiner tells them that the infant was dead at birth. How could the medical examiner determine this?

Unless the infant was suffocated immediately at birth, the first breath that it took would start to inflate the lungs and some of the air would be trapped in the lungs. By placing the lungs in water to see if they float or not, the medical examiner can determine whether or not there is any air in the lungs. Other measurements and tests could also be used to determine if the infant had breathed at all (air in the lungs) or was dead at birth (lungs collapsed and a small amount of fluid in the alveoli).

85) cessation of breathing

apnea

33) In the lungs, the

blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is lower, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues.

2) Ventilation is also known as A) breathing. B) inspiration. C) expiration. D) air conduction. E) blowing.

breathing

56) Because of their smooth muscle component, the structures of the lower respiratory system that can most alter airway resistance are the ________.

bronchioles

58) Ongoing diseases in which air flow during expiration is diminished are known as ________.

chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)

50) The ease with which the lungs stretch in response to changes in pressure is termed ________.

compliance

51) The ability of a lung to recoil, or recover from stretch, is called ________.

elastance

49) When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of ________.

elastic recoil

52) In the disease ________, many symptoms are due to destruction of elastic fibers in the lung.

emphysema

42) the extra amount actively (forcibly) exhaled after a normal exhalation

expiratory reserve volume

61) The volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs following a normal exhalation is called the ________.

expiratory reserve volume

37) Chronic inhalation of fine particles that reach the alveoli leads to ________ lung disease.

fibrotic

44) the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breath

functional residual capacity

79) Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called

hyperpnea

87) increased respiratory rate and/or volume due to increased metabolism

hyperpnea

59) An increase in the rate and depth of breathing is known as ________.

hyperventilation

86) increased respiratory rate and/or volume without increased metabolism

hyperventilation

22) In quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

46) the amount of air inhaled during an active (forced) inspiration

inspiratory capacity

40) the additional air inhaled after a normal inspiration

inspiratory reserve volume

62) The volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled on top of a normal inspiration is called the ________.

inspiratory reserve volume

23) Boyle's law states that gas volume is

inversely proportional to pressure.

3) The upper respiratory tract includes all EXCEPT which of the following? A) nasal cavity B) lungs C) trachea D) larynx E) mouth

lungs

6) Alveolar ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the alveoli