Chapter 17 AP euro

Pierre Bayle

A famous skeptic. A French Huguenot who despised Louis XIV and found refuge in the Netherlands. Bayle criticaly examined the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past in his Historical and Critical Dictionary.

Maria Theresa

Austrian monarch, old fashioned absolutist introduced reforms to make state stronger,

Robert Boyle

Boyle's law governing the pressures of gasses.

Silesia

German territory ruled by Maria Theresa

Galen

ancient Greek physician, medicine's version of Aristotle. He said the body contained four humors: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.

Deductive reasoning

begins with clearly established general premises and moves towards the establishment of particular truths.

The Social Contract

general will & popular sovereignty- reflected the common interests of all the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power. The general will is not necessarily the will of the majority, however.

Salons

regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophers and their followers met to discuss literature, science and philosophy.

Spirit of Laws

separation of powers. Inspired by the physical sciences and set out to apply the critical method to the problem of government.

John Locke

set fortha new theory about how human beings learn and form their ideas.

Copernican hypothesis

the idea that the sun, not the earth was at the center of the universe.

Andreas Vesalius (1516-1564)

On the Structure of the Human Body

Rococo 1720-1780

A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.

Reading Revolution

the transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad.

Seven Years war

was to conquer Prussia and divide up its territory.

Immanuel Kant

A professor in East Prussia and the greatest German philosopher of his day, posed the question of the age when he published What is the Enlightenment? He argued that if serious thinkers were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, enlightenment would almost surely follow.

Cartesian dualism

All type of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.

Natural Philosophy

An early modern term for the study of nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.

Public Sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics and politics.

Enlightenment

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Emelian Pugachev

a common Cossack soldier named, sparked a gigantic uprising of the serfs.

Madame du Châtelet (1706-1749)

a gifted woman from the high aristocracy with a passion for science. She had no doubt that women's limited role in science was due to their unequal education.

Law of inertia

a law formulated by Galileo that states tat motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.

Historical and Critical Discovery

demonstrating that human beliefs has been extremely varied and very often mistaken, he concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt, a view known as skepticism.

Editors: Diderot & d'Alembert

edited the Encyclopedia. Two men set out in 1251 to find coauthors who would examine the rapidly expanding the whole of knowledge.

Encyclopedia

Survived initial resistance from the catholic church. Contained 72 thousand articles by leading scientists, writers, skilled workers and progressive priests and it treated every aspect of life and knowledge.

Philosophe

- a group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the age of the enlightenment.

Aristotle

4th BCE century philosopher. His ideas were used until the early 15th century. Aristotelian view: a motionless earth fixed at the center of the universe and was encompassed by ten separate concentric crystal spheres that revolved around it.

René Descartes (1596-1650)

Used deductive reasoning to formulate the theory of Cartesian dualism

William Harvey

Discovery of circulation of blood

Joseph II

Radial, abolished serfdom.

Deism

Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe.

Johannes Kepler

Brahe's young assistant. Reworked Brahe's observations. Inspired by the belief that the universe was built on mystical mathematical relationships and a musical harmony of the heavenly bodies. He proved mathematically the precise relations of a sun centered solar system.

War of the Austrian Succession

Maria Theresa forced to give Fredrick all of Silesia. Prussia doubled its size to 6 million people.

Isaac Newton

Newton took up Galileo's studies because the new findings failed to explain the forces that controlled the movement of the planets and objects on earth. He was a Englishman enrolled at Cambridge University.

Law of universal gravitation

Newton's aw that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Voltaire

Renowned French Philosophe and author of more than seventy works.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish cleric. Drawn to intellectual and cultural vitality of the Italian Renaissance. He believed the ancient Greek idea: that the sun rather than the earth, was at the center of the universe. He was not a professional philosopher or astronomer.

Galileo Galilei

Poor nobleman who wanted a religious career, instead found his calling in science. Challenged all the old ideas about motion. He was a devote catholic, and didn't believe that his ideas took away from God.

Rationalism/reason

A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.

David Hume

Carefully argued religious skepticism. He had a powerful impact at home and abroad. Hume argued that the human mind is really nothing bur a bundle of impressions. Rationalistic inquiry ended up undermining the enlightenment's faith in the power of reason.

Partition of Poland

Catherine's armies scored unprecedented victories threatened the balance of power. Prussia, Austria, and Russia took large portions of Polish territory. Following two partitions gave away the rest of Polish territories.

The Persian Letters

Consisted of amusing letters supposedly written by two Persian travelers, Usbk and Rica, who as outsiders see European customs in unique ways and thereby allow the author a vantage point for criticizing practices and beliefs.

Enlightened Absolutism

term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress and tolerance.

Montesquieu (1689-1755)

Great philosophe baron. Believed that relations between men and women are highly representative of the overall social and political system.

Paraclesus

Swiss physician and alchemist, an early proponent of the experimental method in medicine and pioneered the use of chemicals and drugs to address what he saw as chemical, rather than humoral, imbalances.

Haskalah

The Jewish enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century, led by Moses Mendelssohn.

Experimental method

The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation.

Scientific Revolution

The real origin both of the modern world and the modern mentality. Western society began to acquire its most distinctive traits.

Social Science

The scientific study of human society and social relationships

Jean Jaques Rousseau

The son of a poor watchmaker made his way into the world of Paris salons through his brilliant intellect. He was passionately committed to individual freedom.

empiricism/inductive reasoning

a theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.

Francis Bacon

advocated experimental method, formalizing theory of inductive reasoning.

Tycho Brahe

agreed with Copernicus. Became Europe's leading astronomer built the most sophisticated conservatory.

Fredrick the Great

embraced literature in his youth but upheld his father's army. Maria Theresa had to give him all of Silesia. After seven years war he became religiously tolerant.

Moses Mendelssohn

emerged from within the European Jewish community, led Haskalah. Prussian philosopher. Began to advocate for freedom and civil rights of European Jews.

Catherine the Great

empress of Russia, had three main goals:to westernize, domestic reform, and territorial expansion.