Chapter 17 APUSH Study Guide
Henry Clay Frick
Carnegie's American partner
Homestead Strike
Frick kicked them out and only accepted them if they signed individual contracts
Knights of Labor
Knights believed that ordinary people needed control over the enterprises in which they worked. the order practiced open membership, irrespective of race, gender, or field of employment (though, like other labor groups, the Knights excluded Chinese workers).
immigrants
Russian, Chinese, Eastern Europeans, Italy, Scandinavia, Germany, etc.
Swift
a shrewd Chicago cattle dealer, saw that local slaughterhouses lacked the scale to utilize waste by-products and cut labor costs. He realized that, through new slaughtering practices, he could reduce production expenses(vertical)
closed shop
all jobs reserved for union members
Chinese Exclusion Act
barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States Each decade thereafter, Congress renewed the law and tightened its provisions; it was not repealed until 1943.
advertising
became prominent ads, magazines, and newspapers
Mail-order companies
built by such retailers as Montgomery Ward and Sears. annual catalogs, making wish lists of tools, clothes, furniture, and toys. At first, mail-order companies had to coax wary customers to buy products they could not see or touch. Sears and its competitors offered money-back guarantees and simple instructions.
vertical integration
business model in which one company controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods(predatory pricing)
AFL
catastrophe of Haymarket persuaded them to leave the order and create this. Leader believed that the Knights relied too much on electoral politics, where victories were likely to be limited and fleeting, and he did not share their sweeping critique of capitalism. The AFL, made up of relatively skilled and well-paid workers, was less interested in challenging the corporate order than in winning a larger profit share for skilled workers.
ICC
charged with investigating interstate shipping; forcing railroads to make their rates public; and, when necessary, suing in court to force companies to reduce "unjust or unreasonable" rates.
blue-collar workers
clerks or workers in bottom or lower tiers
Interstate Commerce Act
counteracted a Supreme Court decision of the previous year, Wabash v. Illinois, that had struck down states' authority to regulate railroads. The act created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Bessemer process
creating steel by hitting it with hot air
"paper sons"
fake papers of Chinese being born in the U.S
Cooperatives
gathered farmers' orders and bought in bulk at wholesale prices, passing the savings on to farmers.
cause of falling prices
immense scale of production
"sojourners"
immigrants who planned to move back w/ money
Rockefeller
king of petroleum products and pioneered a strategy that became known as horizontal integration. Their lawyers created a new legal form, the trust.
Samuel Gompers
leader of AFL
Terence Powderly
leader of Knights and said liquor was bad for workplace
"middle managers"
managers that take control of smaller portions of the company
"blacklisted"
passed ground list of people in the railroad strike
"The New South"
post civil war, child labor, raw materials
horizontal integration
pressure competitors through predatory pricing, but when driven them to failure, invite rivals to merge their companies into conglomerate.
white-collar workers
professional workers
republican economic policies
protective tariff, subsudies for railroads
Hatch Act
provided federal funding for agricultural research and education, directly meeting farmers' demands for government aid to agriculture.
Farmer's Alliance
rural movement to take up previous farm problems(Grangers and Greenbackers)
Women in the workplace
secretaries, clerks, low-paying jobs, worst jobs, etc.
Department stores
sold many different products in separate "departments," was pioneered by John Wanamaker in Philadelphia and soon became an urban fixture,displacing many small retail shops.
National Guard
state militia
Andrew Carnegie
steel, vertical interior, gospel of wealth
Haymarket Square
strike that made knights fall out of favor and 8 were punished
Wabash v. Illinois
struck down states' authority to regulate railroads.
magazines
subscriptions, has business cards and Ladies' Home Journal became the first with a million subs
scientific managment
two basic reforms: erase brain work and withdraw worker authority; was not effective when put in work
Walter Dill Scott
two types of advertising
Amalgamated Association of iron and steel workers
union against Carnegie that died