Chapter 17 APUSH Study Guide

Henry Clay Frick

Carnegie's American partner

Homestead Strike

Frick kicked them out and only accepted them if they signed individual contracts

Knights of Labor

Knights believed that ordinary people needed control over the enterprises in which they worked. the order practiced open membership, irrespective of race, gender, or field of employment (though, like other labor groups, the Knights excluded Chinese workers).

immigrants

Russian, Chinese, Eastern Europeans, Italy, Scandinavia, Germany, etc.

Swift

a shrewd Chicago cattle dealer, saw that local slaughterhouses lacked the scale to utilize waste by-products and cut labor costs. He realized that, through new slaughtering practices, he could reduce production expenses(vertical)

closed shop

all jobs reserved for union members

Chinese Exclusion Act

barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States Each decade thereafter, Congress renewed the law and tightened its provisions; it was not repealed until 1943.

advertising

became prominent ads, magazines, and newspapers

Mail-order companies

built by such retailers as Montgomery Ward and Sears. annual catalogs, making wish lists of tools, clothes, furniture, and toys. At first, mail-order companies had to coax wary customers to buy products they could not see or touch. Sears and its competitors offered money-back guarantees and simple instructions.

vertical integration

business model in which one company controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods(predatory pricing)

AFL

catastrophe of Haymarket persuaded them to leave the order and create this. Leader believed that the Knights relied too much on electoral politics, where victories were likely to be limited and fleeting, and he did not share their sweeping critique of capitalism. The AFL, made up of relatively skilled and well-paid workers, was less interested in challenging the corporate order than in winning a larger profit share for skilled workers.

ICC

charged with investigating interstate shipping; forcing railroads to make their rates public; and, when necessary, suing in court to force companies to reduce "unjust or unreasonable" rates.

blue-collar workers

clerks or workers in bottom or lower tiers

Interstate Commerce Act

counteracted a Supreme Court decision of the previous year, Wabash v. Illinois, that had struck down states' authority to regulate railroads. The act created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Bessemer process

creating steel by hitting it with hot air

"paper sons"

fake papers of Chinese being born in the U.S

Cooperatives

gathered farmers' orders and bought in bulk at wholesale prices, passing the savings on to farmers.

cause of falling prices

immense scale of production

"sojourners"

immigrants who planned to move back w/ money

Rockefeller

king of petroleum products and pioneered a strategy that became known as horizontal integration. Their lawyers created a new legal form, the trust.

Samuel Gompers

leader of AFL

Terence Powderly

leader of Knights and said liquor was bad for workplace

"middle managers"

managers that take control of smaller portions of the company

"blacklisted"

passed ground list of people in the railroad strike

"The New South"

post civil war, child labor, raw materials

horizontal integration

pressure competitors through predatory pricing, but when driven them to failure, invite rivals to merge their companies into conglomerate.

white-collar workers

professional workers

republican economic policies

protective tariff, subsudies for railroads

Hatch Act

provided federal funding for agricultural research and education, directly meeting farmers' demands for government aid to agriculture.

Farmer's Alliance

rural movement to take up previous farm problems(Grangers and Greenbackers)

Women in the workplace

secretaries, clerks, low-paying jobs, worst jobs, etc.

Department stores

sold many different products in separate "departments," was pioneered by John Wanamaker in Philadelphia and soon became an urban fixture,displacing many small retail shops.

National Guard

state militia

Andrew Carnegie

steel, vertical interior, gospel of wealth

Haymarket Square

strike that made knights fall out of favor and 8 were punished

Wabash v. Illinois

struck down states' authority to regulate railroads.

magazines

subscriptions, has business cards and Ladies' Home Journal became the first with a million subs

scientific managment

two basic reforms: erase brain work and withdraw worker authority; was not effective when put in work

Walter Dill Scott

two types of advertising

Amalgamated Association of iron and steel workers

union against Carnegie that died