Test Two
gneiss
A banded or foliated metamorphic rock, usually of the same composition as granite.
mudstone
A blocky, poorly blended, fine-grained sedimentary rock produced by the lithification of mud.looks like hardened clay and, depending upon circumstances under which it was formed, it may show cracks or fissur
granite
A felsic, coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock containing quartz and composed mostly of potassium- and sodium-rich feldspars. light colored
schist
A metamorphic rock that is both sparkly and foliated. It is made when minerals and rocks undergo great heat and pressure.
siltstone
A sedimentary rock made up mostly of grains of salt (smaller than sand-size particles, but still gritty, not smooth like clay or mud).
gabbro
An igneous plutonic rock made of the same minerals as basalt, but, because the minerals cooled slowly underground, they are coarse-grained.
Typical Sedimentary Rock Sequence during Marine Regression
Beach Sandstone on top then mud in the middle and Limestone in the bottom
calcite
CaCO3 occurs in water related environment cream or gray colored effervesces Ex coral reefs limestone
diorite
Coarse-grained igneous rock of intermediate composition. Up to half of the rock is plagioclase feldspar and the rest is ferromagnesian minerals.
felsic
Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color.
mafic
Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally darik in color
pumice
Felsic to intermediate. Glassy froth (foam). Gray to white. Very light weight, often floats in water. Forms from explosive eruption of gas-saturated magma froth.
andesite
Fine-grained igneous rock of intermediate composition. Up to half of the rock is plagioclase feldspar with the rest beingferromagnesian minerals.
What is used for sheet rock?
Gypsum
Typical Sedimentary Rock Sequence during Marine Transgression
Limestone on top and then mud and then beach sand on the bottom
slate
Metamorphosed shale. It still breaks into thin layers like shale, but the layers are much harder and more durable. In fact, slate is hard enough to use for roofing tile.
hardness
Moh
halite
NaCl salt clear to yellow in color
which mineral is not composed of calcium carbonate?
Pyrite
What is a mineral?
Solid, Natural on earth not man made, inorganic, ordered internal structure, specific chemical composition
Foliation
The metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands.
Which environment would most likely have sediment formed by evaporation of sea water?
Tidal Flat
shale
Very fine-grained. Thinly layered. Soft crumbly and easily weathered. Mostly tiny bits of clay and quartz. Most common sedimentary rock. Forms from mud deposited in nonturbulent conditions_ often deep water.
peridotite
a dark coarse-grained igneous rock consisting principally of olivine
Syncline
a downward fold in rock formed by compression youngest rock is in the middle
pegmatite
a form of igneous rock consisting of extremely coarse granite resulting from the crystallization of magma rich in rare elements slow cooling when water is involved
Monocline
a geological formation in which all strata are inclined in the same direction
limestone
a sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium that was deposited by the remains of marine animals
scoria
also known as volcanic slag is formed in teh same fashion as pumice but has lager pores and a darker color its texture is partly crystalline and partly amorphous (glassy)
Anticline
an upward fold in the rock formed by compression of Earth's crust oldest rock is in the middle
breccias
arises from things like landslide debris composed of angular fragments of minerals or rocks in a matrix (cementing material), that may be similar or different in composition to the fragments
independant tetrahedra
bound to other elements EX olivine do not break along defined planes
joint
brittle structure formed by pulling rock apart
Dome
circular uplift in all directions old rock in center
sandstone
clastic sedimentary rock formed from sandsized sediments (grains of minerals quartz and feldspar that can be compacted or cemented together)
pegmatite
coarse grained igneous rock is made mostly of the minerals feldspar and quartz coarse crystals
streak
color of powder left on a surface after the mineral has been rubbed on it
basalt
dark-colored igneous rock that is low in silica fine grained
What Physical processe occur during metamorphism?
deformation flattens rocks, rotation makes rocks parallel, shearing causes minerals to break, folding, fracturing
porphyritic
describing an igneous rock composed of both large and small crystals
What are the different types of stress
displacement, rotation, strain
fine grained
fast cooling magma at shallow depths
rhyolite
fine grained, felsic, igneous rock made up of feldspar and quartz.
phylite
foliated metamorphic rock made of fine grained mica
medium grained
form when magma solidifies a bit deeper
how do sedimentary rocks form?
from other locations formed by weathering and transport
Normal Fault
hanging wall moves down, due to displacement
Reverse Fault
hanging wall moves up, due to compression
quartzite
hard metamorphic rock consisting of interlocking quartz crystals
What tests can we perform to help us identify a mineral?
hardness, streak, effervescence, magnetism, density
obsidian
igneous glass and is usually black sometimes it may be slightly grayish or greenish- may include white crystals breaks and chips like glass-
increase temperature
increase melt of rock
lower pressure
increase melt of rock
Single chains
link in a single chain sharing two oxygen atoms, strong difficult to break EX: pyroxene
coarsly crystalline
magma cools at rate slow enough to allow large cystals to form
marble
metamorphosed limestone, consisting chiefly of recrystallized calcite or dolomite, capable of taking a high polish, occurring in a wide range of colors and variegations and used in sculpture and architecture.
amphibole
mineral Fg, Fe, Ca, Na, Al, SiO2, double chain black or dark green or white, long compared to width
feldspar
mineral K, Al, SO2 pink cream colored
pyroxene
mineral black, brown, green, or white contains Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, Cr, SiO2 single chain silicate
hematite
mineral form of iron colored black to steel or silver-gray, brown to reddish brown, or red
muscovite
mineral part of mica family perfect cleavage
gypsum
mineral transparent cleavable masses white sands hardness of 2
quarts
mineral transparent, 7 in hardness, no cleavage
olivine
most common in upper mantle olive color no cleavage Fe rich and Mg rich
in what tectonic setting do basins form?
oceanic and continental plates
In what environment do siltsonte and shale form?
on land slow moving or stagnant water and wind
Which is least likely to deposit sand?
open ocean away from land
Basin
opposite of dome dip toward center in all directions center is younger layers
When melting forms magma:
partial melting produces a magma that is more felsic than the source
How does a crossbed form?
piling of sediment down in the front dike
difference between mineral and rock
rock is made up of several minerals
Strike Slip Fault
rocks move side to side parallel
conglomerate
sedimentary- looks like a mixture of sand and different sizes of rounded pebbles can be found in a stream
framework
share all four oxygen, complex stacked sheets EX: quarts feldspar
sheets
share three oxygen in continous sheets weak bond parallel sheet structures EX: mica
double chains
share three oxygens EX: amphibole
What is a covalent bond and give an example
sharing electrons, strongest bond EX: Diamond
biotite
silicate mineral dark mica Mg and Fe perfect cleaves
What are the major group of minerals?
silicates, carbonates, oxides, halides, sulfates, sulfides, native materials
igneous rock form by
solidification of magma
Which results in angular clasts?
steep slope mountain
SiO4 shape silica
tetrahedra
what causes elevated regions
thickness of crust
What is a ionic bond and give an example?
transfer of electrons, moderately strong EX: Halite
does water increase melt
yes