Chapter 17: Nations and Empires, 1850 - 1914
which products did imperialist obtain from Africa?
high quality cotton, tea, cocoa and coffee, palm oil and palm kernels
How did imperialist countries justify their territorial expansion?
I* mperialist states promoted the idea that they were helping colonized territories by bringing them the benefits of advanced civilization. * Imperialist leaders justified their actions on the basis that other races were inherently inferior and, therefore, fair game for conquest. * Imperialist states believed that global competition for resources was inevitable and that they needed to claim new territories in order to compete against rival countries.
How did Japan's experience with imperialism differ from China's?
Japanese reformers successfully replaced the Tokugawa shogunate with a reformist government, whereas Chinese reformers were unable to institute significant changes. The American military arrived in Japan after China lost the Opium War, so Japan was able to learn from China's experience with imperial pressure.
When the Chinese Emperor Guangxu decided to develop a railway system, modernize the postal service, and spend government funds to develop agriculture, industry and commerce his aunt, the Dowager Empress, quickly overturned his reforms and had him put under house arrest. What iWhy did the Dowager Empress Cixi and her supporters in the government respond so aggressively?
Deeply held beliefs in Chinese politics and culture made change nearly impossible
Dutch agricultural policies in Indonesia during the 1830s had which of the following consequences?
Failures in agricultural policy led the Dutch government to rethink how they governed Asian colonies. Villagers voiced their discontent and were met with violence from colonial forces Forced to devote too much land to cash crops, food production dwindled and famine spread across the region.
True or False: Imperialism is a political process in which a group of people who share a common culture, language, and history are unified in a defined territory, under a single government.
False
True or False: Russia was unable to consolidate its power as a nation-state because it did not acquire new territories.
False
True or false: The technological developments of the second industrial revolution made the primary goods of the first industrial revolution (coal, iron, cotton, wool, and wheat) largely unimportant.
False
What was the purpose of building railroad lines in India?
The British built railroads to facilitate economic and political control of the region.
True or false: Africans, Amerindians, and Asians all resisted nineteenth-century European and American imperialism.
True
Fill in the blanks about the differences between Charles Darwin's evolutionary theories and the ideas of Social Darwinists.
Charles Darwin articulated the idea that different SPECIES of animals evolved over millennia through NATURAL SELECTION. According to this idea, individuals with TRAITS BEST SUITED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT will survive and reproduce at higher rates than others. Social Darwinists asserted that people with European physical traits were more EVOLVED than other people and believed it was NATURAL for them to rule over Africans and Asians.
What was the self-strengthening movement?
Chinese attempt to compete with the West, while retaining Chinese values
How was imperialism related to the consolidation of nation-states?
Competition against other imperialists and contact with outsiders both strengthened the sense of national unity. Resources, labor, and markets in new territories enriched and strengthened the mother country.
How did European control over African and Asian colonies contribute to European wealth?
* Colonies provided raw materials, like cotton, rubber, and palm oil that European powers then manufactured into finished goods. * Colonies imported manufactured goods from their imperial powers, providing markets for European manufacturers.
what did Japan gain from taking over Korea and Taiwan?
* a steady supply of rice and sugar * The confidence of being militarily superior to all other Asian nations.
Granting people the right to vote was a way of consolidating and legitimizing the power of the nation-state. However, this right was only extended to some residents of nation-states. Which of these groups freely exercised the right to vote in the years indicated?
* all adult German men during the Second Reich (1871) * a small minority of Japan's male population after the adoption of the constitution (1889).
Put the phases in the colonization of Africa into order, beginning with events in the 1880s.
1. European countries, the US, and the Ottoman Empire met to form agreements about claiming African territories. 2. European states and corporate ventures used military force to solidify their claims to African territories. 3. Soldiers-for-hire, settlers, and businessmen established themselves in the territorial claims, attempting to enrich themselves. 4. Africans resisted the exploitation of colonial settlers. 5. European governments established more organized, but still exploitative, colonial governments to make colonies more stable and more productive.
What enabled the United States to develop as a nation-state during the nineteenth century
The Civil War established the federal government's power over individual states. The United States used its military power to take new territory from indigenous peoples The government invested in infrastructure to connect the nation to its new territories.
Which of the following strategies did local elites commonly use to build nations in this period?
They enforced a unified set of laws throughout their territory. They instituted universal, compulsory military service. They developed infrastructure, such as railroad systems and time zones, to support unified national markets.
fill in the blanks about how improvements in transportation increase the economic power of nation-sates at the end of the 19th century
Transportation advances made it easier for nation-states to ACQUIRE RAW MATERIALS. The Suez Canal LOWERED THE COST of trade between Europe and Asia. The second industrial revolution also sparked a wave of MIGRATION. Advances in transportation like the STEAM-POWERED SHIP made it easier for people to move where they could find work.
How was Menelik II of Ethiopia able to resist european conquest?
he played the european powers against each other and got military supplies form them and he had a united, loyal army
what groups of people were depended for labor in what places?
railroads in the western United States, sugar plantations in Cuba: Chinese workers sugar plantations in the Caribbean, mines in South Africa, railroads in East Africa: Indian workers factories in North American cities: Irish, Polish, Greek, Jewish, and Italian workers
How were limited-liability joint-stock companies, technological developments, and European and American expansion into Africa and Asia connected to one another?
As companies' manufacturing capacity grew, they sought greater access to markets in Africa and Asia. Companies and new technologies made it possible and profitable to acquire African and Asian territories and extract raw materials from them
In what ways were the limited-liability joint-stock companies that were formed in the United States and Europe similar to the private economic dynasties that developed in Japan?
Both depended on political support from a nation-state for their existence and success. Both had the capacity to raise large sums of money to engage in trade and production on a global scale.
Nation-states often struggled with disunity even after they consolidated power. Match each statement about challenges to national unity with the country it best describes.
Brazil: In this country, the sense of national unity was strong among the elite, but it intentionally excluded the vast majority of the country's adult residents. United States: In this country, segments of the population used violence to undermine federal laws and prevent men of African descent from voting. Great Britain: In this country, a long-oppressed minority group continued to seek independence well into the twentieth century. Canada: In this country, the sense of national unity was weak because of strong racial, legal, and linguistic divisions within the population.
Economic growth was closely associated with the consolidation of nation-states in the second half of the nineteenth century. Which statement accurately describes this relationship?
By creating unified legal systems, governments supported the growth of business organizations, like limited-liability joint-stock companies.
How did the United States benefit from its overseas territories?
Imperial ventures reinforced the American concept of Manifest Destiny, strengthening nationalism among Americans of European descent Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines were all markets in which American businesses could sell their manufactured products Harbors in the Philippines enabled the United States to maintain a presence in Asia and compete with Japan and European powers in the region.
How did Leopold II and Belgium profit from control of the Congo?
King Leopold II used PHYSICAL VIOLENCE to compel residents of the Congo River basin to work collecting RUBBER and hunting elephants. Leopold used the profits to build PARKS, AVENUES, AND CASINOS in BELGIUM. As many as 50 PERCENT of the people in Congo were killed in this process, either through conflicts with armed forces or through FAMINE.
Building railroads and telegraph line in the 19th century required both money and organization. Which development provided a way to obtain capital and organize huge industrial projects
Limited liability joint-stock companies
How did European nation-states build a sense of collective identity among their populations?
National identities in Europe were fostered through shared CULTURAL experiences. For example, LITERATE URBAN POPULATIONS met in public spaces to discuss current issues. This process generated PUBLIC OPINION, a shared set of ideas that informed and legitimized political action. In GERMANY AND ITALY, where national populations spoke different dialects, elites emphasized their shared LITERARY AND MUSICAL traditions.
How did nineteenth-century expressions of nationalism differ from early ideas of nationalism?
Nineteenth-century people disagreed about who belonged to their nations, because of geographical separation and linguistic and religious differences. Nineteenth-century elites and monarchs actively cultivated a sense of national identity among the people, to enhance their own political power. In the nineteenth century, European monarchs justified territorial expansion by asserting that they were simply unifying their national territories.
In 1845, John L. O'Sullivan predicted that the US would eventually take California from Mexico. What methods did O'Sullivan predict Americans would use to gain control of the territory?
Settlers from the US will move into California planning for peaceful hard work, but ready to fight if necessary. Settlers from the US will build the institutions of American civil society on California soil.
Russification can be best compared to:
The French referring to colonial subjects who did well in French schools as " the evolved"
True or False: Like Western Europeans, Japanese colonizers justified their actions by citing their ethnic superiority.
True
To make most of their colonies in Indonesia, the Dutch
mandate that Indonesian villagers use a certain percentage of their land to grow coffee for export
Developments of the second industrial revolution overcame some of the obstacles that limited earlier development. Match each obstacle on the left with its solution on the right.
steam-powered gunboats and breech-loading rifles: Products like cocoa, coffee, and rubber grew in regions owned by Africans. limited-liability joint-stock companies; Mass production required tremendous amounts of capital and organization. overland and undersea telegraph lines; Giant companies needed up-to-date information about supply lines and markets. railroads and steam-powered ships: Energy resources (like coal) and raw materials (like rubber) were often located far from communities of skilled workers.