chapter 17

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the 18th century

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children

Arthur Young, writing at end of the 18th century on the benefits of enclosure believes that

enclosures will increase the amount of employment compared with open fields

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

Adam Smith thought that proper division of labor would make it possible for a small number of men to do the work of many more because it

makes it possible for an unskilled worker to be part of the manufacturing process

Which of the following characterizes the 18th century colonial trade in Europe

Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia

Convicted prisoners

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country

Between 1700 and 1835, Europeans population

doubled

In the 18th century, European public health measures

improved water supply and sewage systems

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

More wars and likely fewer people

In the 18th century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more effciently

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as

Creoles

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

He critiques accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research

Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas

About 90% of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3% brought to North America

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners

The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the

Treaty of Paris

Population growth in Europe in the 18th century occured

in all regions

In the 18th century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

the British colonial empire