Chapter 17: Preoperative Nursing Management
The patient asks the nurse why food is withheld before surgery. What is the best response by the nurse?
"Aspiration is a concern and can be a complication if food or fluid is taken close to the surgery time." Explanation: The major purpose of withholding food and fluid before surgery is to prevent aspiration.
A client having a surgical procedure takes aspirin 325 mg daily for prevention of platelet aggregation. When should the client stop taking the aspirin before the surgery?
7 to 10 days Explanation: Aspirin, a common OTC medication that inhibits platelet aggregation, should be prudently discontinued 7 to 10 days before surgery; otherwise, the client may be at increased risk for bleeding.
What is the blood glucose level goal for a diabetic client who will be having a surgical procedure?
80 to 110 mg/dL Explanation: Although the surgical risk in the client with controlled diabetes is no greater than in the client without diabetes, strict glycemic control (80 to 110 mg/dL) leads to better outcomes. Frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels is important before, during, and after surgery.
A patient with renal failure is scheduled for a surgical procedure. When would surgery be contraindicated for this patient due to laboratory results?
A blood urea nitrogen level of 42 mg/dL Explanation: The kidneys are involved in excreting anesthetic medications and their metabolites; therefore, surgery is contraindicated if a patient has acute nephritis, acute renal insufficiency with oliguria or anuria, or other acute renal problems (see Chapter 54). A blood urea nitrogen level of 42 mg/dL (significantly elevated) is an indicator of renal failure. The other levels are normal.
Clients who have received corticosteroids preoperatively are at risk for which type of insufficiency?
Adrenal Explanation: Clients who have received corticosteroids are at risk of adrenal insufficiency. Insufficiency related to corticosteroids does not occur in the pituitary, thyroid, or parathyroid glands.
A patient is scheduled for a surgical procedure. For which surgical procedure should the nurse prepare an informed consent form for the surgeon to sign?
An open reduction of a fracture Explanation: Informed consent is necessary in the following circumstances: invasive procedures, such as a surgical incision (such as would be involved in an open reduction of a fracture), a biopsy, a cystoscopy, or paracentesis; procedures requiring sedation and/or anesthesia (see Chapter 18 for a discussion of anesthesia); a nonsurgical procedure, such as an arteriography, that carries more than a slight risk to the patient; and procedures involving radiation. Non-invasive procedures such as insertion of an intravenous or urethral catheter or irrigation of the external ear canal would not require informed consent.
The nurse recognizes that written informed consent is required for insertion of a(n):
Correct response: Peripherally-inserted central catheter. Explanation: Nonsurgical invasive procedures, such as insertion of a peripherally-inserted central catheter, that carry more than a slight risk to the client require written informed consent.
The nurse is caring for the client in the preoperative period and documenting rationale for a palliative surgical procedure. Which rationale is most appropriate?
The client and physician are focusing on symptom relief not a cure. Explanation: The nurse realizes a palliative surgical procedure is focused on the relief of symptoms or enhancement of function without a cure. Diagnostic surgical procedures provide additional information for medical diagnosis and treatment. Cosmetic surgery procedures are elective, with the purpose of improving body appearance. Reconstructive surgery corrects a deformity.
A nurse is teaching a client about diaphragmatic breathing. What client action indicates that further teaching is needed?
The client exhales forcefully with a short expiration. Explanation: Diaphragmatic breathing should be performed gently and fully. Placing the hands on the lower chest to feel the rise and fall with breathing, performing diaphragmatic breathing in a semi-Fowler's position, and breathing deeply through the nose and mouth are all aspects of diaphragmatic breathing.
A nurse is teaching a client with chronic bronchitis about breathing exercises. Which instruction should the nurse include in the teaching?
Use diaphragmatic breathing. Explanation: In chronic bronchitis the diaphragm is flat and weak. Diaphragmatic breathing helps to strengthen the diaphragm and maximizes ventilation. Exhalation should be longer than inhalation to prevent collapse of the bronchioles. The client with chronic bronchitis should exhale through pursed lips to prolong exhalation, keep the bronchioles from collapsing, and prevent air trapping. Diaphragmatic breathing — not chest breathing — increases lung expansion.
At what point does the preoperative period end?
When the client is transferred onto the operating table Explanation: The preoperative phase begins when the decision to proceed with surgical intervention is made and ends with the transfer of the client onto the OR table. The intraoperative phase begins when the client is transferred onto the operating table and ends with admission to the PACU.:
A patient with renal failure is scheduled for a surgical procedure. When would surgery be contraindicated for this patient due to laboratory results?
You Selected: A blood urea nitrogen level of 42 mg/dL Correct response: A blood urea nitrogen level of 42 mg/dL Explanation: The kidneys are involved in excreting anesthetic medications and their metabolites; therefore, surgery is contraindicated if a patient has acute nephritis, acute renal insufficiency with oliguria or anuria, or other acute renal problems (see Chapter 54). A blood urea nitrogen level of 42 mg/dL (significantly elevated) is an indicator of renal failure. The other levels are normal.
A 17-year-old client is having same-day surgery. Solely during the intraoperative phase of perioperative care, the nurse:
continuously monitors the sedated client. Explanation: Intraoperative care includes the entire surgical procedure. During sedation, the nurse continuously evaluates the client. Assessment of heart rate, respiratory rate, BP, oxygen saturation, and level of consciousness occurs during all phases of perioperative care. Obtaining consent would occur during the preoperative phase of perioperative care. During the postoperative phase the nurse would assess how the client is recovering from anesthesia.
A physically fit older adult is scheduled for right knee replacement. What factor for the client creates an increased risk for postoperative complications?
current smoking history Explanation: The nurse identifies the client's current smoking status as a risk factor for surgical complications. General risk factors are related to age; nutritional status; use of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances; and physical condition. The type of surgery, the ability to metabolize medication, and surgical site are not a risk factors.
In advance of a client's scheduled appendectomy, the nurse spends significant time explaining to the client what will happen, both before the procedure and after the procedure is complete. The primary reason the nurse puts so much effort into preoperative teaching is to:
increase the likelihood of a successful recovery. Explanation: Teaching clients about their surgical procedure and expectations before and after surgery is best done during the preoperative period. Clients and family members can better participate in recovery if they know what to expect. Although preoperative teaching may minimize the time spent postoperatively on questions and help nurses improve their teaching skills, these are not the primary reasons for spending significant preoperative time on teaching. Clients must participate in their recovery process. Education encourages clients to participate in their own care in addition to giving important information to family. Absolving the hospital of legal responsibility would not be a primary nursing goal.
Which nursing statement would best decrease a client's anxiety before an emergency operative procedure?
"Let me explain to you what will happen next." Explanation: Many clients feel fearful of knowing little about the operative procedure and what to expect. This fear causes anxiety and can lead to a poorer response to surgery and surgical complications. Explanations of what the client is to expect can help to decrease anxiety. False reassurance of being fine does not diminish anxiety. Deep breathing and relaxation techniques can be helpful to the client, but addressing the source of the anxiety is more beneficial. Keeping the family informed helps the family and is not client focused.
The nurse has provided preoperative instructions to a client scheduled for surgery at an ambulatory care center. Which statement, made by the client, would indicate that further instruction is needed?
"The nurse will explain the details of the surgery before I sign a consent." Explanation: Further instruction would be needed to clarify that the physician, not the nurse, explains the details of the surgery and obtains voluntary consent for the procedure. It is correct that preoperative instructions must be followed prior to surgery for the safety of the client, medical records are present for review prior to surgery, and the physician speaks with the family following the procedure and provides instructions for discharge.
For the client who is taking aspirin, it is important to stop taking this medication at least how many day(s) before surgery?
7 Explanation: Aspirin should be stopped at least 7 to 10 days before surgery. The other time frames are incorrect.
A client is scheduled for an invasive procedure. What priority documentation is needed regarding the procedure?
A signed consent form from the client Explanation: A signed consent is required and is important for initiating invasive procedures. The nurse should therefore check for the client's signed consent form. A health history, medication reconciliation, and postoperative prescriptions are good items to have but are not required before performing an invasive procedure.
A client refuses to remove her wedding band when preparing for surgery. What is the best action for the nurse to take?
Allow the client to wear the ring and cover it with tape. Explanation: Most facilities will allow a client to wear a wedding band during a surgical procedure. The nurse must secure the ring with tape. Although it is appropriate to discuss the risk for infection, the client has already refused to remove the ring. The surgery should not be canceled and the ring should not be removed without permission.
The nurse is evaluating the client's understanding of diet teaching aimed at promoting wound healing following surgery. The nurse would conclude teaching was ineffective if the client selects which of the following? :
Cheeseburger, french fries, coleslaw, and ice cream Explanation: Important nutrients for wound healing include protein; vitamins A, B-complex, C, and K; arginine, magnesium, copper, and zinc; and water. The diet should be sufficient in carbohydrates and low to moderate in fats. The cheeseburger option is high in fat and low in vitamin C.
What action by the nurse best encompasses the preoperative phase?
Educating clients on signs and symptoms of infection Explanation: Educating clients on preventing or recognizing complications begins in the preoperative phase. Applying SCDs and frequently monitoring vital signs happen after the preoperative phase. Only electric clippers should be used to remove hair.
Informed consent from the surgical client is essential in all of the following categories of surgery except:
Emergent surgery Explanation: In an emergency, a physician may perform surgery without a client's informed consent in order to save the client's life.
A nurse is teaching a client about pain management after surgery. Which client statement indicates the teaching was effective?
I will support my incision with my hands when I cough and do my deep breathing exercises." Splinting of the incision provides support to the incision and helps to control pain, so this client statement is correct. Clients should take pain medication routinely and frequently after surgery. Pain medications for postoperative clients are given orally at home. Pain is a subjective feeling, so comparison is difficult.
A client is scheduled for a cholecystectomy. Which finding by the nurse is least likely to contribute to surgical complications?
Osteoporosis Explanation: Osteoporosis is likely not going to contribute to complications related to a cholecystectomy. Pregnancy decreases maternal reserves. Diabetes increases wound-healing problems and risks for infection. Urinary tract infection decreases the immune system's effectiveness, increasing the chance for infections.
What is the major purpose of withholding food and fluid before surgery?
Prevent aspiration Explanation: The major purpose of withholding food and fluid before surgery is to prevent aspiration. Decreasing overhydration, decreasing urine output, and decreasing constipation are not major purposes of withholding food and fluid before surgery. Until recently, fluid and food were restricted preoperatively overnight and often longer. Currently, specific recommendations depend on the age of the client and the type of food eaten.
A client is undergoing thoracic surgery. What priority education should the nurse provide to assist in preventing respiratory complications?
Splint the incision site using a pillow during deep breathing and coughing exercises. Explanation: Splinting the incision site will help decrease pain and support the incision. This will increase compliance with the deep breathing and coughing exercises that assist in preventing respiratory complications. Pain medication should be taken regularly, not only before deep breathing and coughing exercises. Deep breathing and coughing exercises should be done at least every 2 hours, more frequently if possible. While some clients will find the exercises relaxing, most clients find it painful to complete them.
The perioperative nurse has a number of major responsibilities when a patient is admitted to a surgical unit or center. Which of the following is the most important function?
Verifies that operative consent is signed Explanation: All choices listed are essential but, without a signed consent form, surgery cannot occur.
Which question is most important for the nurse to ask the client when obtaining the preoperative admission history?
When is the last time you ate or drank?" Explanation: Consumption of food and fluids near to the time of surgery places the client at increased risk for aspiration.
The physician schedules an elective surgical procedure for a patient who smokes cigarettes. When should the nurse recommend that the patient cease smoking before the surgical procedure to minimize risks associate with cigarette smoking?
You Selected: 1 to 2 months Correct response: 1 to 2 months Explanation: Patients who smoke are urged to stop 4 to 8 weeks before surgery to significantly reduce pulmonary and wound healing complications.
The nurse recognizes that which of the following clients is at least risk for perioperative complications?
You Selected: A 32-year-old African-American woman who takes prednisone Correct response: A 65-year-old Caucasian man who has a history of arthritis Explanation: A history of arthritis does not increase the risk for complications during the perioperative period.
A client taking chlorpromazine is preparing to undergo surgery. Which of the following complications does the surgical team need to prepare to deal with before anesthetics are administered?
You Selected: Apnea from respiratory paralysis Correct response: Hypotension Explanation: Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) may increase the hypotensive action of anesthetics. Seizures are a potential interaction if diazepam (Valium) is withdrawn suddenly before surgery. The client who takes prednisone (Deltasone) is at risk for cardiovascular collapse if the medication is discontinued suddenly. The combination of erythromycin (Ery-Tab) and a curariform muscle relaxant can lead to apnea from muscle paralysis.
A nurse is teaching a client with chronic bronchitis about breathing exercises. Which instruction should the nurse include in the teaching?
You Selected: Use diaphragmatic breathing. Correct response: Use diaphragmatic breathing. Explanation: In chronic bronchitis the diaphragm is flat and weak. Diaphragmatic breathing helps to strengthen the diaphragm and maximizes ventilation. Exhalation should be longer than inhalation to prevent collapse of the bronchioles. The client with chronic bronchitis should exhale through pursed lips to prolong exhalation, keep the bronchioles from collapsing, and prevent air trapping. Diaphragmatic breathing — not chest breathing — increases lung expansion.
A nurse evaluates the potential effects of a client's medication therapies before surgery. Which drug classification may cause respiratory depression from an associated electrolyte imbalance during anesthesia?
You Selected: corticosteroids Correct response: diuretics Explanation: Diuretics during anesthesia may cause excessive respiratory depression resulting from an associated electrolyte imbalance. Corticosteroids, insulin, and anticoagulants are not known to cause respiratory depression during anesthesia.
A client is preparing for a surgical procedure is taking corticosteroids for Crohn's disease. What is most important for the nurse to monitor during the operative experience with the client?
adrenal insufficiency Explanation: Clients who have received corticosteroids are at risk for adrenal insufficiency. They are not at greater risk for obstruction, infection, or hypoglycemia during the operative experience.
A nurse evaluates the potential effects of a client's medication therapies before surgery. Which drug classification may cause respiratory depression from an associated electrolyte imbalance during anesthesia?
diuretics Explanation: Diuretics during anesthesia may cause excessive respiratory depression resulting from an associated electrolyte imbalance. Corticosteroids, insulin, and anticoagulants are not known to cause respiratory depression during anesthesia.
The nurse assesses a client to determine if there is increased risk for complications intraoperatively or postoperatively. Which are general risk factors? Select all that apply.
nutritional status age physical condition health status Explanation: General surgical risk factors are related to age; nutritional status; use of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances; and physical condition.
An example of a curative surgical procedure is
tumor excision. Explanation: An example of a curative surgical procedure is the excision of a tumor. A biopsy, a face-lift, and the placement of a gastrostomy tube are not examples of curative surgical procedures.:
A nurse is teaching a client about pain management after surgery. Which client statement indicates the teaching was effective?
wound healing In caring for a postoperative client, the nurse is correct to correlate hyperglycemia with an increased risk of surgical incision infections and delayed wound healing. Strict control of glycemic blood levels at the therapeutic range of 80-110 mg/dL would reduce this risk factor. There is no direct correlation between blood glucose levels and nutrient deficiencies, respiratory complications, or liver dysfunction.
Following diagnostic testing, a patient requires a cholecystectomy. This surgical procedure would be categorized as which of the following?
You Selected: Urgent Correct response: Urgent Explanation: Acute gallbladder infection would be categorized as an urgent surgery. Emergent surgeries include severe bleeding, bladder or intestinal obstruction, and a fractured skull. Required surgeries include thyroid disorders and cataracts. Elective surgeries include repair of scars, simple hernia, and vaginal repair.
The nurse expects informed consent to be obtained for insertion of:
A gastrostomy tube Explanation: Informed consent is required for invasive procedures that require sedation and are associated with more than usual risk to the client.:
The nurse recognizes that the client who takes hydrochlorothiazide to manage hypertension is predisposed for which interaction with anesthesia?
You Selected: Increased risk of bleeding Correct response: Respiratory depression Explanation: Common interaction effects of hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL) and anesthesia include respiration depression.
The nurse is caring for a patient with liver disease who had a surgical procedure. When should the nurse alert the physician?
You Selected: When the patient's blood ammonia concentration reaches 180 mg/dL Correct response: When the patient's blood ammonia concentration reaches 180 mg/dL Explanation: The liver is important in the biotransformation of anesthetic compounds. Disorders of the liver may substantially affect how anesthetic agents are metabolized. Acute liver disease is associated with high surgical mortality; preoperative improvement in liver function is a goal. Careful assessment may include various liver function tests (see Chapter 49).
Nursing assessment findings reveal that the client is afraid of dying during the surgical procedure. Which surgical team member would be most helpful in addressing the client's concern?
Correct response: Surgeon Explanation: It is the surgeon's responsibility to explain the benefits, alternatives, possible risks, complications, disfigurement, disability, and removal of body parts in obtaining informed consent from the client.
The nurse is aware that the amino acid, arginine,
You Selected: Stimulates T-cell response Correct response: Stimulates T-cell response Explanation: Arginine is necessary for collagen synthesis and deposition, increases wound strength, and stimulates T-cell response.
A client is scheduled for a surgical procedure. When planning the client's care, the nurse should consider that which of the following conditions will increase the client's risk of complications after surgery?
A history of diabetes Explanation: As a chronic condition that affects many body systems, diabetes is a risk factor for surgical complications. The client's blood glucose level and insulin requirements need to be closely monitored before and after surgery. Being sensitive to aspirin does not pose a risk for the client in surgery. Osteoarthritis is not a systemic condition and does not place the client at risk during surgery. Chronic low back pain is not a systemic condition that places the client at risk during surgery; however, it can be exacerbated by positioning on the operating room table.
You are caring for a client preoperatively who is very anxious and fearful about their surgery. You know that this client's anxiety can cause problems with the surgical experience. What type of problems can this client have because of their anxiety and fear?
Correct response: Anxious clients have a poor response to surgery and are prone to complications. Explanation: Anxiety and fear, if extreme, can affect a client's condition during and after surgery. Anxious clients have a poor response to surgery and are prone to complications. The scenario does not indicate an increased need for anesthesia or postoperative medications in the anxious and fearful client. Anxious clients do not generally need psychological counseling after surgery. Anxiety and fear do not affect a client positively during and after surgery.
At which time does the nurse realize that it is best to begin teaching about care needed during the postoperative period?
During the preoperative period Explanation: The best time to begin teaching about care needed in the postoperative period is during the preoperative time. At this time, the client is more alert and focused on the information provided by the nurse. Clients and family members can better be prepared and participate in the recovery period if they know what to expect. Anxiety is a factor on arrival to the surgical unit that could interfere with learning. Pain could interfere with the learning process, following a surgical procedure. At the time of discharge, both pain and timeliness may be an issue in understanding and obtaining care needed during the postoperative time.
An anxious client being prepared for surgery is encouraged to concentrate on a pleasant experience or restful scene. What cognitive coping strategy would the nurse document as being used?
Imagery Explanation: Imagery has proven effective for anxiety in surgical clients. Optimistic self-recitation is practiced when the client recites optimistic thoughts such as, "I know all will go well." Distraction is used when the client is encouraged to think of an enjoyable story or recite a favorite poem. Progressive muscular relaxation requires contracting and relaxing muscle groups and is a physical coping strategy as opposed to a cognitive strategy.
The nurse is providing preoperative care to a client who is anxious about total hip replacement surgery. "What if I can never walk again? I don't want to end up like my father!" What are some ways the nurse might help alleviate the client's anxiety? Select all that apply.
Make sure the client understands what will happen during surgery. Listen empathetically to the client's concerns about the procedure. Review the client's postoperative goals following the procedure. Ask the client if he would like to speak with a clergyperson. Explanation: Preparing the client emotionally and spiritually is as important as doing so physically. Anxiety and fear, if extreme, can affect a client's condition during and after surgery. Careful preoperative teaching and listening by the nurse about what will happen and what to expect can help allay some of these fears and anxieties.
When caring for a patient with alcoholism, when should the nurse assess for symptoms of alcoholic withdrawal?
You Selected: About 24 hours postoperatively Correct response: On the second or third day Explanation: The person with a history of chronic alcoholism often suffers from malnutrition and other systemic problems or metabolic imbalances that increase surgical risk. In patients who are alcohol dependent, alcohol withdrawal syndrome may be anticipated 2 to 4 days after the last drink and is associated with a significant mortality rate when it occurs postoperatively.
Which is the least important issue concerning safety for the perioperative team before proceeding to the operating room?
You Selected: Client's ambulatory aids Correct response: Client's ambulatory aids Explanation: It is imperative that the entire perioperative team participates in verifying the client's identity, the correct surgical procedure, and the appropriate surgical site before preceding to the OR. The client's ambulatory aids are not an important safety concern before proceeding to the OR.
A client is scheduled for a cholecystectomy. Which finding by the nurse is least likely to contribute to surgical complications?
You Selected: Diabetes Correct response: Osteoporosis Explanation: Osteoporosis is likely not going to contribute to complications related to a cholecystectomy. Pregnancy decreases maternal reserves. Diabetes increases wound-healing problems and risks for infection. Urinary tract infection decreases the immune system's effectiveness, increasing the chance for infections.
The nurse is reviewing a preoperative informed consent when preparing the client for surgery. Which contents of the informed consent are required? Select all that apply.
You Selected: Explanation of procedure Estimated time of procedure Benefits of surgery Potential risks Correct response: Explanation of procedure Potential risks Benefits of surgery Description of alternatives Explanation: Informed consents should be in writing and contain an explanation of procedure and risks, description of benefits and alternative, an offer to answer questions about procedure, ability to withdraw consent, and statement informing the client if the protocol differs from customary procedure. An estimated time of procedure and personnel present are not required in the informed consent. Reference:
A client is being prepared for a same-day surgical procedure and is discussing with the nurse what potential ramifications this type of surgery has. Which of the following would the nurse correctly identify? Select all that apply.
You Selected: Need for teaching is increased. The client must be prepared to take on more self-care than he or she may have done in the past. Correct response: The client will leave the hospital sooner than in the past. Need for teaching is increased. The client must be prepared to take on more self-care than he or she may have done in the past. Explanation: The increasing use of ambulatory, same-day, or short-stay surgery, means that clients leave the hospital sooner, which increases the need for teaching, discharge planning, preparation for self-care, and referral for home care and rehabilitation services.
Which domain of perioperative nursing practice focuses on clinical processes and outcomes?
You Selected: Physiological responses Correct response: Health care systems Explanation: The health care system consists of structural data elements and focuses on clinical processes and outcomes. Safety, behavioral responses, and physiological responses reflect phenomena of concern to perioperative nurses and comprise nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. Reference:
The nurse should determine that a client is coughing effectively after surgery if the nurse observes which of the following activities?
You Selected: The client takes a deep abdominal breath and then "huff" or "hack" coughs three or four times. Correct response: The client takes a deep abdominal breath and then "huff" or "hack" coughs three or four times. Explanation: Taking a deep abdominal breath and then "huff" coughing is the most effective manner of coughing. This technique helps facilitate removal of secretions and conserves energy for the client. The client should breathe slowly but not hold her breath. Short, panting breaths and then coughing from the throat do not promote expectoration of sputum from the lungs. Coughing forcefully can cause alveoli to collapse; "huff" coughing prevents this.
How does the nurse determine that the patient may have hidden fears about the impending surgical procedure? (Select all that apply.)
You Selected: The patient tells the nurse of concerns with the outcome of the procedure. The patient informs the nurse of problems with postoperative nausea in the past and that it was a bad experience. The patient avoids communication with the nurse. Correct response: The patient avoids communication with the nurse. The patient repeatedly asks questions that have previously been answered. The patient talks incessantly. Explanation: People express fear in different ways. Some patients may ask repeated questions, regardless of information already shared with them. Others may withdraw, deliberately avoiding communication by reading, watching television, or talking about trivialities. Consequently, the nurse must be empathetic, listen well, and provide information that helps alleviate concerns. If the patient talks about his or her fears, then they are no longer hidden.
A nurse is caring for a bariatric client prior to a surgical procedure. What surgical complications would the nurse monitor the bariatric client for postoperatively? Select all that apply.
You Selected: gastrointestinal complications pulmonary complications cardiovascular complications Correct response: cardiovascular complications pulmonary complications Explanation: Like age, obesity increases the risk and severity of complications associated with surgery. The cardiovascular system is at risk for complications with obese surgical clients because of hypertension and diabetes complications. The client tends to have shallow respirations when supine, increasing the risk of hypoventilation and postoperative pulmonary complications. The acquired physical characteristics-a short, thick neck; large tongue; recessed chin; and redundant pharyngeal tissue, associated with increased oxygen demand and decreased pulmonary reserves-impede intubation. Obesity should not cause postoperative complications with the gastrointestinal system, renal system, or nervous system.
