chapter 17 - sports psychology - test 4
Which minority do we have more studies on with their involvement in sports?
African Americans
Mountaineering is also referred to as what? (especially in Europe)
Alpinism
Who was a prominent black player in pro tennis?
Althea Gibson - 1959
What kind of relationship is there between sensation seekers and deep diving?
An inverse relation, it is found that sensation seekers typically don't dive deep
What sport are African Americans accurately represented with the population?
Baseball
What sports are African Americans over represented in ?
Basketball -80% Football -65%
Waddell initially wanted the gay games to be called the "Gay Olympics". Why didn't this end up being the name for the games?
Because a lawsuit was filed to protect the term "Olympics" - the lawsuit was filed by the International and US Olympic Committee
Why was Tim Hardaway removed from representing the NBA league at the 2007 All-Star game in Las Vegas?
Because he was extremely homophobic
Who was the first NBA African American Coach?
Bill Russell
Where are the IPC headquarters located?
Bonn, Germany
What is Cognitive Appraisal Theory?
Brewer's theory that the athlete's response to injury is a function of the interaction between personality and situational factors producing: 1st an emotional response then 2nd a behavioral response
What is a fertile place for sports psychology to show what it can do?
Changing the perspective of disabled athletes
Who was the top female climber who conquered Mount Everest?
Christine Everest
What is the definition given for the Special Olympics in the book?
Competitions for athletes with intellectual deficits, cognitive impairment, or limitations in general learning or adaptive behavior.
A climber must have a lot of ____________________ to outweigh their fear.
Confidence
Who are to big TAMU sprinters in the 1970's?
Curtis Dickey and Rod Richardson they had little in common except their skin color and speed. This is another example of how biological claim isn't full proof.
Who conducted the study of sports opportunity structure?
Eitzen and Sage (1978)
Who was the first black pro baseball ump?
Emmit Ashford
Who founded the Special Olympics?
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
Who was the first black MLB manager?
Frank Robinson
What is considered a major outlet for the expression of gay athletic prowess?
Gay Games
What are the factors that have been studied for African American dominance in sports?
Genetic/Biological, sociocultural and/or pyscholigical
What is the Affective Cycle Theory?
Heil and Fine's theory that sport injury produces 3 responses in athletes: - distress: negative response to injury involving guilt, anger, and helplessness -denial: can't accept the fact that you're injured -determined coping: sense of realism
What is one way of conceptualizing the relationship between personality and elite performance?
Iceberg Profile
Which of the categories of disabled athletes that the IPC recognizes is currently suspended?
Intellectual Disability; due to people pretended to be intellectually challenged just to win the gold medal
When did minority participation begin to ramp up in sports?
It started in 1947 with integration in the MLB
Who was a highly controversial black figure in boxing?
Jack Johnson-winner of the heavyweight championship in 1908
What was the big event that ended segregation in Baseball?
Jackie Robinson-played for the Montreal Royales
Who are some major native american athletes?
Jim Thorpe Tom Longboat George Armstrong Notah Begay-
Who was a black american, in boxing, who quote "changed the image of black america"?
Joe Lewis - outstanding character so whites had more respect for him. he became an international ambassador of good will over 6 decades
Who was a prominent victim of Sky Diving?
Joe Svec - member of the USPA - he was doing a stunt for the film "The Right Stuff", that was made from Tom Wolfe's best selling novel about pilots and astronauts. - his death was blamed on "odd" gear that might have inhibited his movement. - his burial was in Houston
Who was the first black baseball player?
John "Bud" Fowler he played for New Castle Pennsylvania in 1872
Who was a victim of the most recent outing of a pro athlete?
John Amaechi, retired basketball player he was "outed" in 2007
Who opposed Harry Edwards?
John Entim - believed in a genetic difference
Who was a prominent contemporary and controversial proponent of the genetic position?
John Entime (2000) - wrote a book entitled "Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports" -he suggest that racial relations are the reason for black superiority in sports
Which tribal athletes are known for all of their "remarkable" accomplishments in running sports?
Kalenjin residing in the rift valley of Kenya
who was one of the first to address the relationship of the genetic/biological explanation for black sport superiority?
Kane (1971) - he published it in a Sports Illustrated article. Took a darwanism approach to explain the superiority
Which ethnicity holds the most world records for distance running?
Kenyans
What is the Modification and attribution theory?
Kroll's explanation of personality similarity in elite athletes as a function of preselection and modification of traits while proceeding from entry to the elite level.
In Native american history, what sports were big for the tribes in great lakes area and St. Lawrence River?
LaCrosse, because of Jesuit missionaries from France and White Settlers in Montreal
What does Les Autres mean on the IPC's list of disabled athletes?
Les Autres is a French term for "others" which includes people with dwarfism, defects from compounds like thalidomide, multiple sclerosis, and etc.
Who were the pioneers in stacking research?
Lou and Mcelvogue (1970)
Who has the least and most hispanics?
MLB the most , NBA none
What were the 3 scales used to measure personality variables that makeup a skydiver?
MMPI - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory EPPS - Edwards Personal Preference Schedule 16PF - 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire
Who came 15 years later after Thrower to become next big African American QB?
Marilyn Briscoe- Denver Broncos
Bartholomew questioned the accuracy of SIP so what did Meyers do in response?
Meyers (the creator of SIP) revamped the scale to SIP-15
Who was the first black in the MLB?
Moses Fleetwood Walker -1883
Previous President of Mountain Madness, Scott Fischer, was a guide who died on which mountain?
Mount Everest
To most mountain climbers, what mountain is considered the pinnacle of success the "ultimate hostile takeover"?
Mount Everest - worlds tallest peak
What is the most dangerous part of climbing?
Mountaineers say that DESCENDING is more dangerous than going up.
What group attempted to propel Native Americans into the mainstream in US sport?
Native American Sports Council (NASC)
Is it easy to collect data from Elite Athletes?
No, collecting data on them is difficult and virtually nothing of a systematic nature has been done with this sizable but largely unreachable group
Where the african americans initially brought to be slaves?
No, they were theoritcally supposed to be indentured servants
Longstreth found that firstborns were ______ - represented in classes and __________ - represented in "rough and tumble"
OVER-represented in classes and UNDER-represented in rough and tumble
What was an assertion, made by Ogilvie (1974), about parachutists that did not support the personality test data?
Ogilvie claimed that skydivers were psychologically unhealthy stress seekers who seek out high-risk activities as a means of fear displacement, super masculinity ploys, or because of an unconscious death wish. - the data available does not support this assertion
Which state is rich in Native American history and ranks 6th in the use of "Indian" tokens?
Oklahoma
For mood evaluation in disabled athletes what test is commonly used?
POMS
What are the rankings of the high-risk sports provided by Tangen-Foster and Lathen (1983) - These rankings were taken during the "risk revolution" in American
Parachuting/Sky Diving - 96% danger ranking Hang Gliding - 92% Rock Climbing - 64% Scuba Diving - 32%
Where did the first international sporting event for the hearing impaired occur?
Paris 1924
What does the Andersen and Williams model consist of?
Personality Traits, History of stressors, situational variables, coping resources, and the human stress responses.
Name some gay athletes who also represented minority groups in sports
Rudy Galindo - Hispanic - World figure skater Timothy Mariano - Native American - Navajo Distance Runner Tuaolo - Asian
What tests have been used to conduct research on scuba divers?
STAI - State/Trait Anxiety Inventory and S-R Inventory of General Trait Anxiousness
who did a similar study to Chu that ranked white and black students based on intelligience, academic prep, athletic style, competitiveness, physical superiority, athletic ability and temperment? What were the results?
Sailes (1993), white subjects rated blacks lower in intelligience and academic prep and blacks were more tempermental
Where was the first competition held for the Gay Games?
San Francisco in 1982
What are some reasons that people take up mountaineering?
Sense of freedom, Safety of universe, Sense of power, energy and vitality, Assertion of self, conquest of self, and escape of self, Contact with a higher power, and Unity.
Describe the difference in anxiety levels measured in scuba divers whiles conducting simple versus complex tasks.
Simple Tasks - no relationship found between anxiety and performance Complex Tasks - anxiety interfered with satisfactory performance of complex tasks while underwater
Who disproved "the white man's lie"?
Social activist at Berkley , Professor Harry Edwards (1973) -white athlete's think they are at a physical disadvantage to black athletes which actually puts them at a pyscological disadvantage. The whman is a chief victiim of his own lie
What is the usual test used to assess sport-orientation in disabled athletes?
Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ)
What are Unified Sports?
Sports in which nondisabled athletes (the "partners") participate in a sport along side a higher level Special Olympics competitor.
What are some examples of High-Risk Sports?
Sports such as skydiving, hang gliding, rock climbing and scuba diving.
What is the definition of High-Risk Sports?
Sports that have a high risk of injury or death play a prominent role.
Who was one of the greatest female basketball players that was openly gay?
Swoopes
When the gay games were held in Chicago in 2006 what did they refer to them as?
The Chicago Gaymes
What ended slavery and when?
The Emancipation Proclamation , 1862
What is the International Paralympic Committee (IPC)?
The international organization that spearheads efforts for athletes with disabilities
What are the IPC and IOC stance on steroid use and performance enhancing drugs?
They are BOTH strict on drugs and place harsh penalty on offenders. you can get banned anywhere from 2 years to a lifetime or even permanently
Where do the Deaflympics take place?
They are international, so they can take place at any location in the world
Which sport has the most pronounced domination of amongst blacks?
Track and Field
What is the most prominent American publication for gliding enthusiasts?
US Hang-Glider - similar to Kiwi in many respects but for a time discontinued the routine reporting of accidents and deaths for fear of alienation or scaring potential enthusiasts.
What is a recent movement that started in 2006 that is within the scope of the Special Olympics?
Unified Sports
Who was the creator of the Gay Games?
Waddell
Who was the first black brothers to emerge in MLB?
Walkers - often called Weldey and Welday
What heritage was all 32 of the men's finalist in 4 most recent sprints?
West African Heritage
8 years after the "Stoke Mandeville Games", when are where were the first Paralympics held?
When: 1960 Where: Rome
When and where are the Paralympics held?
When? - 3 weeks after the regular Olympics Where? - the same venue that the regular Olympics took place
What is a vanishing breed on NFL rosters?
White running backs
Who did most of the pre civil war research discussed in the book?
Wiggins (1977)
Who was the first black NFL QB?
Willie Thrower-Chicago Bears
What were popular past times in the pre-civil war period?
Wrestling, Boxing, Foot Races, Cock Fights, Hunting, Fishing, boat races, dancing and "patting juba"
Who were famous Asian Athletes?
Yao Ming and Tiger Woods
Do the IPC and the USOC share similar views when it comes to disabled athletes?
Yes, the IPC format for disabled sports is reminiscent of that of the USOC
Are Type A personalities more at risk for Injury based on the Andersen and William model and Why?
Yes, they are at high risk for injury because type A's are hard-heads, high anger, and very dominant)
Does the MMPI data support the EPPS data of parachutists?
Yes, they both report them as highly motivated and unconventional individuals
What is Sensation Seeking?
Zuckerman describes it as a channel by which a human seeks to reduce tension via "optimal stimulation"
What is the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS)?
Zuckerman's standardized test that measures four subdimensions of sensation seeking
What is the Anderson and Williams theory?
a comprehensive model of reaction to sports injury based on certain personalities
What is Kroll's Personality Performance Pyramid?
a model of the relationship between athletic performance and personality that predicts heterogeneity among athletes at the entry level and homogeneity at the elite level.
A study in Sweden reported that a certain type of skydiver has the highest risk of a fatal outcome. Which type of skydiver is that?
a student skydiver
how many black athletes are in all of professional sport?
according to Gates (1991) there 1200 black athletes black doctors are 15 times more than this number black attorneys are 12 times more than this number
What is the Psychometric Composite of a skydiver?
achievement oriented, desirous of being the center of attention, need constant change, independent, unconventional, and little concern for orderliness,
What do climber call the "death zone"?
any elevation above 26,200 feet - due to oxygen deprivation, tiredness and lack of food, water, and sleep
Why is research limited on elite athletes?
athletes aren't forthcoming and their coaches are protective of them.
Why was Jack Johnson controversial?
because he chose to live in fast lane and had interracial relationships with white women and fleed the US
Why is Kane's article controversial?
because the fact of nature vs nurture and doesn't take in to account mental abilities
What is heterogeneity?
being diverse in character or content. It is measured in entry level athletes
What do we owe credit for the lessening number of deaths in Scuba Diving?
better training and improvements in diving equipment
What is one way of conceptualizing high risk activities?
by rating them
Why were straight athletes against gay athletes?
claimed they would "soften" hegemonic masculinity in sports - acceptance issues and some are openly hostile
What did the EPPS report about skydivers?
demonstrated a high need for achievement, dominance, exhibition, courage, and heterosexual expression.
Which factors were responsible for contributing to a 61% variance in the performance of first time parachutists?
fear rating, heart rate change, and state/trait anxiety.
How do Poretta and Moore suggest to enhance the performance of disabled athletes?
goal setting, self-regulation, visual rehearsal, relaxation training, and identification of participation motives.
What are the different personality factors they check in the Andersen and William model?
hardiness, locus of control, sense of coherence, competitive trait anxiety, and achievement motivation.
What impact has native americans had on US sports?
have not had much of an impact
What was LeUenes' finding on the SIP scale?
he found that extreme/nontraditional athletes ranked higher on the SIP scale for coping, somatic awareness, and had lower catastrophizing than traditional sports.
Erik Weihenmayer is a disabled athlete. What is his significance?
he is the first blind person to scale Mount Everest - many people said this would be an "epic" which is mountaineer slang for disaster
Which minority field offers a rich field for research?
hispanic athletes
When did the first displaced Africans arrive in North America?
in 1619 in English colony of Jamestown, Virginia
What are Birth order effects?
in high-risk sport, the relationship of birth order to an individuals inclination to engage in dangerous sports
What was the NCAA's new definition for disabled athletes?
it defines them as "those who are confined to a wheelchair, who are deaf, blind, or missing a limb; those who have only one of a pair of organs ( i.e. 1 lung, 1 kidney, etc.); and those who may have behavioral, emotional, and psychological disorders that SUBSTANTIALLY LIMIT a major life activity.
What is the consensus on the reason why birth order effects exist in high risk sports?
it is thought that firstborns are treated differently and thus meet their needs in a more conventional way whereas the later born children resort to nontraditional activities in order to achieve success or parent approval. - this is the most accepted theory
What was important about the NCAA's new definition for athletes that qualified as impaired or disabled?
it was important in that it broadened our perspective on disabilities by including people with psychological problems or deficits.
How can the effects of bias on disabled athletes be lessened?
its effects can be lessened by education and therapeutic intervention
What are the most common serious injuries for hang-gliding?
leg and ankle fractures
What are the consequences of homonegativism in gay athletes?
low self-esteem, low confidence, diminished life satisfaction, and higher levels of stress.
What did the MMPI results of skydivers show?
mild elevations of mania and psychopathic deviation
according to enntime, how many west african distant runners are there?
not many
What is the stereotype for climbers?
often loners who are Anglo, male, and professionals
What is BS
one of the four subdimensions of the Sensation Seeking Scale it is described as . . . . - aversion to repetition, routine, and boring people they experience restlessness when escape is not possible
What is Dis?
one of the four subdimensions of the Sensation Seeking Scale it is described as . . . . - release through partying, drinking, gambling and sex generally regarded as more traditional sensation seeking outlets
What is ES
one of the four subdimensions of the Sensation Seeking Scale it is described as . . . . - seeking arousal through mind, sense, and non-conforming lifestyle
What is TAS?
one of the four subdimensions of the Sensation Seeking Scale it is described as . . . . - the desire to engage in thrill seeking, risk, and adventurous activities
How many out of the 8600 players checked out by the college media guides were black?
only 5.3 %
What is the cause of most underwater deaths?
panic
Who was Notah Begay?
played collegiate golf with Tiger Woods, he was most visible native american on sports. earning 5.1 million and spokeperson for warrior golf. has a passion for soccer.
based on testing done with POMS, What has the data shown about disabled athletes mood state?
pretty much the same as able body athletes, but a slight iceberg profile has been noted.
How much research is there available on gay athletes?
research on gay athletes has been limited in scope and weak in terms of its theoretical grounding
What is the most effective measure of underwater stress in beginning divers?
respiration rate
What is Patting Juba?
rythmic patting or clapping using hands as a substitute for musical instruments
What can help or hurt an athlete during the recovery period of an injury?
self talk (you choose either positive or negative)
What are the National Disabled Sports Organizations (DSO's)?
seven sports organizations designed to sponsor athletic events for athletes with varying disabilities?
What do black people think their ticket to success is?
sports participation
What positions in horse riding did blacks take after white dominance began in the sport?
stable boy or trainers
Who is responsible for conducting the Paralympic Games?
the IPC
What were the Deaflympics originally known as?
the International Silent Games - Shortly after, that name was changed to the World Games for the Deaf then finally became formally known as the Deaflympics in 2001
According to a 1981 study conducted with 50 college scuba divers which type of test was more useful in predicting anxiety prior to underwater testing?
the S-R Inventory Scale
What is the United States association that regulates hang-gliding?
the United States Hang-Gliding and Paragliding Association (USHPA)
What Association is in charge of regulations and safety for skydiving and sport parachuting?
the United States Parachute Association (USPA)
What were the affect(s) of the Sydney Gay Games on some of the Gay Athletes?
the athletes felt they would become more active in promoting gay rights through advocating social change.
What was the competition between two asian weight lifters called?
the battle of asian stars
What is Deliberate Practice?
the cornerstone of K. Anders Ericsson's theory of exceptional performance, emphasizing the role of hard work over superior innate ability.
How valid is SOQ?
the factor of validity was called into question in a study of wheelchair athletes thus casting some doubt on any conclusions drawn from SOQ results
What is the 4th digit ratio that has been recently been used to predict sensation seekers?
the length of the fourth digit finger to the second - predictive of prenatal or utero exposure to testosterone - the research on this is lacking and much work remains to be done on this (not proven)
What is much of the research on disabled athletes centered around?
the measurement of anxiety, mood states, and self actualization
When did formal enslavement begin?
the mid 1600's
What is the New Zealand Gliding Kiwi?
the official publication of that country's hang-gliding association, serves as a reminder of the dangers inherent in the sport. - Kiwi has a periodical obituary column to further emphasize the dangers of hang-gliding (Ian Pryde, athletic champion, was mentioned in this column when he died due to a hang gliding accident in 1984)
What were the origins and the name of the original Paralympics?
the original name: Stoke Mandeville Games the origin: 60 years ago - traced back to Sir Ludwig Guttman - the games were named in honor of the hospital in England that treated WW2 Veterans with spinal cord injuries
What is homogeneity?
the quality or state of being the same or of a similar kind. It is measured in elite athletes.
What has much of the research on Scuba Diving centered around?
the relationship between anxiety and various aspects of scuba training and performance
How is the african american stereotype of "leapers" disproven?
the top 10 high jumpers in the world in 1985 (9 white, 1 Asian)
What are the most notable causes of death and injury in hang-gliding?
thermal turbulence, strong winds, asymmetric deflation, gliding too close to the ground, rotor problems, landing outside the designated zone, poorly inflated takeoffs, stalling in flight, lack of proper instruction, and obstacles in landing zone. - hitting powerlines and panic are two other factors worth mention (these are in order of occurrence)
After testing Scuba Divers, they found that their traits most commonly include:
they are low on trait anxiety, adventurous, more internal, and masculine in sex role orientation. - the BSRI and Rotter I-E Scale were used in addition to STAI in order to obtain this data
What are the Paralympic Games?
they are the equivalent of the Olympic Games, but Paralympics are obviously for disabled athletes.
What is the stereotype for Asian athletes?
they are unemotinal
Why is it theorized that kenyans are better at distance running ?
they have better oxygen consumption making it more efficient (Holden - 2004)
What were the results of the parachutists bases on the 16PF data?
they were reported to be intelligent, happy-go-lucky, expedient and not influenced by groups
Which child is has the highest number of representation in dangerous sports? the firstborn, second born, or third born?
third born
When did the elimination of black jockeys begin?
towards the end of the 19th century
What are common causes of skydiving fatalities?
unstable parachute activation, line entanglement, and unintentional water landings.
In the early days, what time period did baseball stay integrated?
until the 1890's
What is the athletic norm for kids?
youth sports is shifting and becoming more intense because some people feel they have to "pay the price" to achieve fame/greatness.
Using Native Americans as logos, symbols, and mascots has been common in American culture, but is largely controversial. What is the Sports Illustrated Magazine Poll Result column entitled that addressed this issue?
"Indian Wars"
What does the NCAA call their disabled and disordered athletes?
"impaired student-athletes"
What 6 categories of impaired athletes does the IPC recognize?
(hint: 6 of them) - Amputee - Cerebral Palsy - Intellectual Disability (this is currently a suspended category) - Wheel Chair - Vision-Impairment - Les Autres
Which of the DSO's are recognized by the US Olympic Committee (USOC)?
(hint: there are 7) - American Association for DEAF - DWARF Athletic Association of America -DISABLED Sports USA -WHEELCHAIR Sports USA -SPECIAL Olympics International -The United Assoc. for the BLIND -The US CEREBRAL PALSY Athletic Assoc.
How much of a difference was reported between novice and experienced sky divers based on the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI)?
- novices had slightly more anxiety prior to jump (results between the groups did not differ significantly though) - No differences were noted on Neuroticism and Extraversion Scales
Stats on Injured Athletes
- volleyball has lowest injury rate - knee injuries are highest for girls soccer and lowest for baseball - of sports requiring surgery 60% of them involved the knee - NBA has a 90% injury rate - NFL has 100% injury rate and every payer will miss at least one game due to injury - 65% of NFL players had injury severe enough to miss 8 games or even have surgery
Using the STAI test how much of a correlation was found between performance and first time parachutists
.78 correlation
how much do carribeans spend annually on baseball academies?
1 million
What are 2 other theories that help us understand the relationship of sport-injury?
1) Affective cycle theory 2) cognitive appraisal theory
Who sanctions each of these disabled athletic competitions? 1) the Deaflympics 2) the Paralympic Games 3) the Special Olympics
1) Deaflympics - sanctioned by the IOC 2) the Paralympics Games - sanctioned by the IPC 3) the Special Olympics - sanctioned by the IOC
How often are each of these Disabled athletic competitions held? (answers may vary) 1) the Deaflympics 2) the Paralympic Games 3) the Special Olympics
1) Deaflympics = every 4 Years 2) the Paralympic Games = every 4 Years 3) the Special Olympics = every 2 Years
Which two sports do people argue should be considered a high-risk sport and why?
1) Football 2) Boxing because they are viewed as injury prone and death has been known to occur in boxing and football more often than in other high profile sports.
What are qualities of asian american athletes?
1) Obsessive 2) hard working 3) conformist 4) self disciplined
What study was done by Nation and LeUnes in 1983 looking at black and white differences?
1) POMS -white players were higher in vigor 2) California F Scale - blacks more authoritarian than whites 3) locus of control - blacks believe life is a chance event 4) SAMS - showed that black football players tended to impute responsibilty
What are the four subdimensions of the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS)?
1) Thrill and adventure seeking (TAS) 2) experience seeking (ES) 3) disinhibition (Dis) 4) boredom susceptibility (BS)
What are the 3 types of risk takers and give examples?
1) antisocial risk takers (drug offenders) 2) adventurous risk takers (rock climbers) 3) prosocial risk takers (policeman and fireman)
After the civil war, what were the 3 major sports that blacks emerged in?
1) baseball 2) horse racing 3) boxing
What are the 2 assumptions for why males seem to be less stressed during high risk activities?
1) biological predisposition or evolution 2) peer pressure and socialization practices that encourage males to take more risks thus causing them to report less pressure or stress during high risk events
What are the 3 conditions aimed at changing negative attitudes towards disabled competitors
1) cognitive - learned stereotypes 2) behavioral - disabled athletes taught you how to play 3 sports 3) cognitive-behavior - combo (the best/most effective option)
What are the 3 dimensions that SOQ measures in an athlete?
1) competitiveness 2) win orientation 3) goal orientation
Facts about Harry Edwards?
1) he was forceful advocate for equal rights in sports and society for blacks 2) he grew up poor 3) escaped poverty because of his athletic ability in track and field 4) Studied Malcom X in 1960's 5) wrote a pivotal book " The Revolt of the Black Athlete" 6) Black power symbol in Mexico City
According to Chu, 300 coaches to rate black and white athletes on what 5 dimensions?
1) orderliness 2) exhibitionism 3) impulsivity 4)understanding 5) humlity/abasement most coaches ranked blacks low on orderliness, understanding and abasement BUT the were high exhibitionism and impulsivity
Which 2 categories of disabled athletes are missing from the IPC's list that are included in the USOC's list?
1) the Deaf 2) the Intellectually Impaired
Mountaineering is a global term to capture what 3 activities?
1) walking 2) hiking 3) mountain climbing
According to the Hardy-Crace Formulation (1990) what are the 5 stages of sports injury?
1. denial 2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance and reorganization
What 5 arousal responses are affected when skydiving?
1. heart rate (HR) 2. respiration rate 3. galvanic skin response (GSR) 4. anxiety 5. fear
What are the 8 factors that make up the "typical" hang glider?
1. single white mile in mid- 20s 2. every walk of life, but students participate most frequently 3.avtivity suggested by friend 4. don't view hang gliding as dangerous, but they know it has risk 5. a lot of participants try to obtain a job that has something to do with hang-gliding 6.people mostly give up the sport due to accidents, but also due to job demands and martial considerations.
What % of MLB are Dominicans?
12%
How much of the US is represented by African Americans?
14%
From what time period was baseball segregated?
1890-1945
Who was the last white sprinter?
1960 olympics, Dave Sime
How many believed the shift of sprinters to blacks was a function of black physical superiority?
2 out of 40
How many blacks formed an elite cadre of post civil war jockeys?
20-30 Curry and Giobu did the study in 1984
How many sports do the Deaflympics offer for athletes to compete in?
30
What is the census figure for hispanics in US
41 million +
What % of white athletes fill job opportunity slots in professional sports?
50%
How many players from mexico made it to the MLB in 1993?
58
How much does the dominican republic spend on baseball academies?
75 million, 30 player development academies.
How many deaths annually are reported from scuba diving?
78
How many of the top 800 times ever in sprint events are set by west africans?
797 the likely hood on population numbers is extremely small .00000000000000000000000000001
What does the SRRS predict the injury rate of low stress athletes to be?
9%
What is the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?
A scale designed to quantify life stressors that have been used in both health and psychology research
What is the Gay Games?
A sport and cultural event for athletes, artists, and musicians that was created expressly for gay athletes to compete at a high level.
What is the Sports Inventory for Pain (SIP)?
A sport-specific standardized test that attempts to measure athletes' psychological response to pain. - the 5 point likert scale within this test tries to measure psychological responses including: coping, cognitive, avoidance, catastrophizing, and body awareness) - SIP seems to be immune to social desirability
Which groups are against the use of Indian logos, mascots, etc. and consider them to be "demeaning" and "dehumanizing"?
APA NAACP NCAA NEA and other Native American rights groups
