chapter 17 the endocrine system

when a water soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can results in which of the following

-Muscle contraction -Increased permeability of the cell membrane

which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity

-Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. -Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland.

Match each type of diabetes mellitus with its description:

-Type 1 : Insulin-dependent -Type 2 : insulin-independent -Gestational : Associated with pregnancy

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli

-a decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood -low body temperature

when a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can results in which of the following

-activation of enzyme pathways -increased secretions -growth

which are structural classes of hormones

-biogenic amine -steroid -protein

gestational diabetes ..

-can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications -occurs typically in the later half of the pregnancy

increased cortisol levels in the body will result in which of the following

-decreased glucose uptake by most cell of the body -increased blood fatty acid levels -increase blood sugar levels

identify which are ways that hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream

-degradation by enzymes -excretion by the kidneys

if a female baby is born with androgenital syndrome, she will exhibit which of the following symptoms

-enlarged clitoris -increased ACTH

less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments

-exercise -medications that enhance insulin release -diet

which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins

-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -Luteinizing hormone (LH)

In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height but the bones of the _____, _____, and _____ enlarge and widen

-hands -face -feet

hormones can be released as a direct response to which of the following stimuli

-hormonal -neural -humoral

the effects of hyperthyroidism results in which of the following characteristics

-hyperactivity -weight loss -increased metabolic rate

insulin has which of the following effects on cells

-increased uptake of the glucose by most cells -increased lipogenesis in adipose cells -increased glycogenesis by liver cells

thyroid hormones have which of the following effects

-increasing metabolism -increasing body temperature

which of the following are types of regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus

-inhibiting -releasing

diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of which of the following conditions

-kidney failure -retinal blindness -non traumatic leg amputations

which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland

-oxytocin -ADH

which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus

-oxytocin -antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

which of the following are considered major endocrine organs of the body

-parathyroid gland -pineal gland

the endocrine system has many functions in the human body including which of the following

-regulating blood composition -controlling metabolism -overseeing reproductive functions

which of the following are symptoms associated with hypothyroidism

-weight gain -sluggishness -feeling cold

Place the following events in order

1. Low TH levels stimulate the hypothalamus 2. The hypothalamus releases TRH 3. TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary 4. The anterior pituitary releases TSH 5. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland 6. The thyroid gland produces TH

Rank the half-life of the following types of hormones in order from shortest to longest

1. Small water-soluble hormones 2. Large water-soluble hormones 3. Lipid-soluble hormones

place the following events in order

1. hypothalamus releases CRH 2. Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH 3. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Place the events in the picture in order

1. hypothalamus releases GHRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases GH 3. Liver releases IGF 4. GH and IGF stimulate target cells

Place the following events from the picture in order

1. hypothalamus releases TRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases TSH 3. Thyroid releases TH

place the following events of the diagram in order

1. lipid-soluble hormone binds to intracellular receptor 2. hormone receptor complex binds with hormone response element 3. mRNA is synthesized 4. mRNA is translated into a new protein

place the stages of the stress response in chronological order

1. the alarm reaction 2. the stage of resistance 3. the stage of exhaustion

Rank the layers of the adrenal cortex fro superficial to deep

1. zona glomerulosa 2. zona fasciculata 3. zona reticularis

Steroid:

Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble.

Biogenic amine:

Modified amino acids and water-soluble (with one exception)

Protein:

Short chains of amino acids and water-soluble

which hormone triggers the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

addrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

the anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the BLANK

adenohypophysis

the majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the BLANK

adenohypophysis

the outer region of the adrenal gland is the context, within which lies the inner region called the adrenal BLANK

adrenal medulla

the testes produce the male sex hormones called BLANK many of which are converted into testosterone

androgens

the liver releases BLANK which will become angiotensin II

angiotensinogen

modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete the hormone BLANK

atrial naturetic peptide

elcosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target the same cells from which they were released, this is an example of BLANK stimulation

autocrine

if someone has type 1 diabetes, it is because the BLANK cells in their pancreas are no longer producing insulin

beta cells

the adrenal cortex synthesizes over 25 hormones collectively referred to as BLANK

corticosteroids

Chronic inflammation is often treated with which glucocorticoid

corticosterone

type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or BLANK

decreased insulin effectiveness

goiters BLANK once iodine is restored to the diet

do not regress

pancreatic juice is secreted through the pancreatic ducts into the BLANK

duodenum

As a mixed, or heterocrine gland, the pancreas has both ___ and ___ functions

endocrine and exocrine functions

hormones that are transported in the blood are released from BLANK

endocrine glands

glucagon causes adipose cells to release what macromolecule into the bloodstream

fatty acids

the zona fasciculate synthesizes a group of hormones called BLANK

glucocorticoids

in diabetes mellitus, there is an excess of BLANK a condition otherwise known as glycosuria

glucose in the urine

insulin promotes

glycogenesis

a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is BLANK

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate BLANK hormone production

growth hormone production

the endocrine system releases chemical messengers called BLANK into the blood stream

hormones

the posterior pituitary gland releases hormones when stimulated by the BLANK

hypothalamus

the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk called the BLANK

infundibulum

menstrual cramps are caused by prostaglandins which are both produced by and affect the uterus. Because they are produced by and affect the same area of the body they are considered BLANK hormones

local hormones

MSH stands for BLANK stimulating hormone

melanocyte

The hormone BLANK helps regulate your circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock)

melatonin

the pineal gland secretes a hormone called BLANK

melatonin

which hormone helps set your internal 'biological clock'

melatonin

the more receptors cell has for a hormone, the BLANK sensitive it is to that hormone

more sensitive

define permissive

one hormone allows another to function

if someone suffers from type 1 diabetes mellitus, which organ transplant would benefit them most

pancreas

the BLANK glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

parathyroid gland

the class of hormones called BLANK hormones are formed from chains of amino acids

peptide hormones

because of their structure, water-soluble hormones bind a receptor on the cell membrane initiating a series of biochemical events across the membrane known as a BLANK transduction pathway

signal transduction pathway

growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the BLANK and BLANK systems

skeletal and muscular systems

which organ releases secretin and cholecystokinin

small intestine

the pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the BLANK bone

sphenoid bone

cells with receptors for a particular hormone is called BLANK cells for that hormone

target cells

cells with specific receptors for the hormone are called BLANK cells

target cells

the endocrine system works closely with the BLANk system to bring about homeostasis in the body

the nervous system

hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into how many distinct groups

three -steroid -protein -biogenic

which organ is located anterior to the heart on its superior aspect

thymus

the BLANK gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea

thyroid gland

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is also called BLANK

thyrotropin

what is the full name of the hormone T4

thyroxine

define antagonistic

two hormones work in opposition of one another

define synergistic

two hormones work together

if a target cell is continually under stimulated by a particular hormone it has receptors to, it will increase the number of receptors it has through BLANK regulation

up regulation

the innermost region of the adrenal cortex is called the zona BLANK

zona reticularis