chapter 17 the endocrine system
when a water soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can results in which of the following
-Muscle contraction -Increased permeability of the cell membrane
which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity
-Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. -Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland.
Match each type of diabetes mellitus with its description:
-Type 1 : Insulin-dependent -Type 2 : insulin-independent -Gestational : Associated with pregnancy
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli
-a decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood -low body temperature
when a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can results in which of the following
-activation of enzyme pathways -increased secretions -growth
which are structural classes of hormones
-biogenic amine -steroid -protein
gestational diabetes ..
-can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications -occurs typically in the later half of the pregnancy
increased cortisol levels in the body will result in which of the following
-decreased glucose uptake by most cell of the body -increased blood fatty acid levels -increase blood sugar levels
identify which are ways that hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream
-degradation by enzymes -excretion by the kidneys
if a female baby is born with androgenital syndrome, she will exhibit which of the following symptoms
-enlarged clitoris -increased ACTH
less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments
-exercise -medications that enhance insulin release -diet
which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins
-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -Luteinizing hormone (LH)
In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height but the bones of the _____, _____, and _____ enlarge and widen
-hands -face -feet
hormones can be released as a direct response to which of the following stimuli
-hormonal -neural -humoral
the effects of hyperthyroidism results in which of the following characteristics
-hyperactivity -weight loss -increased metabolic rate
insulin has which of the following effects on cells
-increased uptake of the glucose by most cells -increased lipogenesis in adipose cells -increased glycogenesis by liver cells
thyroid hormones have which of the following effects
-increasing metabolism -increasing body temperature
which of the following are types of regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus
-inhibiting -releasing
diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of which of the following conditions
-kidney failure -retinal blindness -non traumatic leg amputations
which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland
-oxytocin -ADH
which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus
-oxytocin -antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
which of the following are considered major endocrine organs of the body
-parathyroid gland -pineal gland
the endocrine system has many functions in the human body including which of the following
-regulating blood composition -controlling metabolism -overseeing reproductive functions
which of the following are symptoms associated with hypothyroidism
-weight gain -sluggishness -feeling cold
Place the following events in order
1. Low TH levels stimulate the hypothalamus 2. The hypothalamus releases TRH 3. TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary 4. The anterior pituitary releases TSH 5. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland 6. The thyroid gland produces TH
Rank the half-life of the following types of hormones in order from shortest to longest
1. Small water-soluble hormones 2. Large water-soluble hormones 3. Lipid-soluble hormones
place the following events in order
1. hypothalamus releases CRH 2. Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH 3. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
Place the events in the picture in order
1. hypothalamus releases GHRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases GH 3. Liver releases IGF 4. GH and IGF stimulate target cells
Place the following events from the picture in order
1. hypothalamus releases TRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases TSH 3. Thyroid releases TH
place the following events of the diagram in order
1. lipid-soluble hormone binds to intracellular receptor 2. hormone receptor complex binds with hormone response element 3. mRNA is synthesized 4. mRNA is translated into a new protein
place the stages of the stress response in chronological order
1. the alarm reaction 2. the stage of resistance 3. the stage of exhaustion
Rank the layers of the adrenal cortex fro superficial to deep
1. zona glomerulosa 2. zona fasciculata 3. zona reticularis
Steroid:
Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble.
Biogenic amine:
Modified amino acids and water-soluble (with one exception)
Protein:
Short chains of amino acids and water-soluble
which hormone triggers the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
addrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
the anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the BLANK
adenohypophysis
the majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the BLANK
adenohypophysis
the outer region of the adrenal gland is the context, within which lies the inner region called the adrenal BLANK
adrenal medulla
the testes produce the male sex hormones called BLANK many of which are converted into testosterone
androgens
the liver releases BLANK which will become angiotensin II
angiotensinogen
modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete the hormone BLANK
atrial naturetic peptide
elcosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target the same cells from which they were released, this is an example of BLANK stimulation
autocrine
if someone has type 1 diabetes, it is because the BLANK cells in their pancreas are no longer producing insulin
beta cells
the adrenal cortex synthesizes over 25 hormones collectively referred to as BLANK
corticosteroids
Chronic inflammation is often treated with which glucocorticoid
corticosterone
type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or BLANK
decreased insulin effectiveness
goiters BLANK once iodine is restored to the diet
do not regress
pancreatic juice is secreted through the pancreatic ducts into the BLANK
duodenum
As a mixed, or heterocrine gland, the pancreas has both ___ and ___ functions
endocrine and exocrine functions
hormones that are transported in the blood are released from BLANK
endocrine glands
glucagon causes adipose cells to release what macromolecule into the bloodstream
fatty acids
the zona fasciculate synthesizes a group of hormones called BLANK
glucocorticoids
in diabetes mellitus, there is an excess of BLANK a condition otherwise known as glycosuria
glucose in the urine
insulin promotes
glycogenesis
a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is BLANK
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate BLANK hormone production
growth hormone production
the endocrine system releases chemical messengers called BLANK into the blood stream
hormones
the posterior pituitary gland releases hormones when stimulated by the BLANK
hypothalamus
the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk called the BLANK
infundibulum
menstrual cramps are caused by prostaglandins which are both produced by and affect the uterus. Because they are produced by and affect the same area of the body they are considered BLANK hormones
local hormones
MSH stands for BLANK stimulating hormone
melanocyte
The hormone BLANK helps regulate your circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock)
melatonin
the pineal gland secretes a hormone called BLANK
melatonin
which hormone helps set your internal 'biological clock'
melatonin
the more receptors cell has for a hormone, the BLANK sensitive it is to that hormone
more sensitive
define permissive
one hormone allows another to function
if someone suffers from type 1 diabetes mellitus, which organ transplant would benefit them most
pancreas
the BLANK glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
the class of hormones called BLANK hormones are formed from chains of amino acids
peptide hormones
because of their structure, water-soluble hormones bind a receptor on the cell membrane initiating a series of biochemical events across the membrane known as a BLANK transduction pathway
signal transduction pathway
growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the BLANK and BLANK systems
skeletal and muscular systems
which organ releases secretin and cholecystokinin
small intestine
the pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the BLANK bone
sphenoid bone
cells with receptors for a particular hormone is called BLANK cells for that hormone
target cells
cells with specific receptors for the hormone are called BLANK cells
target cells
the endocrine system works closely with the BLANk system to bring about homeostasis in the body
the nervous system
hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into how many distinct groups
three -steroid -protein -biogenic
which organ is located anterior to the heart on its superior aspect
thymus
the BLANK gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea
thyroid gland
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is also called BLANK
thyrotropin
what is the full name of the hormone T4
thyroxine
define antagonistic
two hormones work in opposition of one another
define synergistic
two hormones work together
if a target cell is continually under stimulated by a particular hormone it has receptors to, it will increase the number of receptors it has through BLANK regulation
up regulation
the innermost region of the adrenal cortex is called the zona BLANK
zona reticularis
