Chapter 18 Blood Anatomy
The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days.
120
The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins.
37
How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?
4
Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.
5 liters
Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.
55
Blood is a type of connective tissue that can be described based on its physical characteristics.• Volume: The average volume of blood in a male adult is 5 to 6 L. A female adult has an average blood volume of 4 to 5 L.
Color: The color of blood depends upon whether it is oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor. Oxygen-rich blood is bright red. Contrary to popular belief, oxygen-poor blood is not blue; rather, oxygen-poor blood is dark red.
Determine whether each cell is in the myeloid cell line or the lymphoid cell line.
Myeloid: myeloblast, monoblast, platelets, neutrophil, proerythroblastLymphoid:natural killer cell (NKC), B lymphocyte
Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting?
Prothrombin is activated to thrombin.
Complete the sentences about the RBC life cycle
Red blood cells are the most common cells found in blood There are about five million red blood cells in each microliter of blood These cells are produced by the bone marrow and have a lifespand of 3 to 4 months When they die, they are destroyed by macrophages in the liver and spleen This process releases iron to be stored in the liver and bile pigments to be excreted
Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes
a, b, e
Two of the chains are ____ and two are beta proteins.
alpha
Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?
basophil
Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?
basophils
The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to
both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte
c, a, e, b, d, f
Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color.
dark red
Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma
electrolytes
The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units.
globin
The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called
hemopoiesis.
Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days
hemostasis, 9
The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes
lack a nucleus and organelles.
Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.
largest, prominent nuclei
Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the
liver and spleen
T-lymphocytes are a category of
lymphocytes
The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)
monocyte
Glucose is a
polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma.
Vascular spasms last
several minutes when tissue damage is extensive
Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)?
the intrinsic pathway
Blood is correctly classified as a(n)
tissue
The first phase in hemostasis is
vascular spasm
Which is going to result in significant agglutination?
Donor is type AB, recipient is type B
Place the labels on the figure to designate the correct developmental sequence of erythrocytes.
Hemocytoblast Proerythroblast Early erythroblast Late erythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte
Label the correct developmental sequence with the terms provided.
Hemocytoblast Progenitor cell Myeloblast Promyelocyte Neutrophilic myelocyte Neutrophil
Drag each of the labels into the appropriate position to indicate the components of coagulation.
Intrinsic pathway= Factor XI, Factor VIII Extrinsic pathway = Factor VII, Factor III Common Pathway = Fibrin cross-linking, Factor I, Factor V, Factor XIII
The first primitive hemopoietic stem cells develop in the ____________ wall of the embryo by the ____________ week of development. The primitive hemopoietic stem cells go on to colonize other organs, such as the liver, spleen, and ____________ . In these organs, these very primitive stem cells develop into the ____________ that produce all of the formed elements. Later in fetal development (perhaps beginning at ____________ ), these cells begin to colonize ____________ , although the ____________ doesn't completely give up its blood cell production until close to birth.
Yolk sac; Third; Thymus; Hemocytoblasts; 10 weeks; Red bone marrow; Liver
The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the
albumins
The most numerous of the formed elements are the
erythrocytes
In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _________ line.
myeloid
The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)
neutrophil
Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?
neutrophils
There are four of these groups that will bind _______ for delivery to body tissues.
oxygen
Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a
platelet repellant
To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers
vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate.
When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a
white blood cell differential count.
Albumins are the ____________ and most abundant of the plasma proteins. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and it exerts the greatest ____________ to maintain blood volume and blood pressure. Secondarily, albumins act as ____________ that carry ions, hormones, and some lipids in the blood.Globulins are the second largest group of plasma proteins. The smaller ____________ and the larger ____________ primarily bind and transport certain water-insoluble molecules and hormones, some metals, and ions. Immunoglobulins, or ____________ , play a part in the body's defenses. Fibrinogen is involvedin ____________ . When fibrinogen and other clotting proteins are removed from plasma, the remaining fluid is termed ____________ .
-smallest -colloid osmotic pressure -transport proteins -alpha-globulinsand -beta-globulins -gamma-globulins -blood clot formation -serum
Blood is also considered a ____________ because it contains dissolved organic and inorganic molecules and ions. These substances include electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and waste products. Polar substances like ____________ and charged substances like ____________ dissolve readily in the blood, and nonpolar molecules like ____________ do not readily dissolve in blood and require a ____________ .
-solution -glucose -salts -cholesterol -transporter protein
Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct.
1) There are THREE hemostatic mechanisms.2) First, VASCULAR spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage.3) In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets AGGREGATE and undergo degranulation.4) Degranulation PROMOTES hemostasis.5) COAGULATION finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss.
Test your knowledge about normal results found during a routine complete blood count test.
1. Approximately 5 million cells per microliter (μL) of blood Red blood count (RBC) 2.Approximately 16 grams (g)/100 mL of blood Hemoglobin 3.Approximately 46% of the total blood volume Hematocrit 4.Approximately 7000 cells per microliter of blood White blood count (WBC). 5. 250,000-400,000 per microliter of blood Platelet
Match the plasma components with their function.
1. Protein that maintains osmotic pressure Albumin 2. Transports lipids Alpha and beta globulin 3. A type of antibody for defense Gamma globulin 4. Helps with blood clotting Fibrinogen 5. Used and produced during cellular respiration Plasma gases 6. Vitamins, lipids, sugars, amino acids transported to cells for use in metabolic processes Plasma nutrients 7. Waste produced in metabolism and amino acids Nonprotein nitrogenous substances
How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?
4
Complete the sentences about blood.
Blood contains numerous biconcave red blood cells in a featureless matrix, called plasma. The numerous red cells are also called erythrocytes. These cells are unique because they lack nuclei. There are smaller numbers of larger white cells with large, multilobed nuclei called leukocytes, or white blood cells. Blood is located within the cardiovascular system where it functions in the transport of nutrients, gases, wastes, and other biologically relevant molecules.
Drag each of the labels into the appropriate position to indicate the components of coagulation.
Extrinsic Pathway = damage to the perivascular tissue, thromboplastin release Intrinsic pathway = Factor XII, Factor IX Common PAthway= Factor X accumulation, prothrombin activator, fibrinogen breakdown, thrombin increase?, Fibrin increase?
The production of platelets is called ____________ . From the myeloid stem cell, a committed cell called a ____________ is produced. It matures under the influence of the hormone ____________ to form a ____________ . These cells have a large size and a dense, multilobed nucleus. Each of these large cells produce long extensions from themselves called ____________ . While still attached, these extensions pass through the blood vessel wall in the red bone marrow. The force from the blood flow "slices" these extensions into ____________ .
Thrombopoiesis; Megakaryoblast; Thrombopoietin; Megakaryocyte; Proplatelets; Platelets
Complete the sentences about the WBC life cycle.
White blood cells are responsible for the defense system in the body. There are approximately 5 to 10 thousand white blood cells per microliter of blood. Like red blood cells, the white blood cells are formed from the stem cells of the bone marrow. The typical WBC has a lifespan of a couple of days.
Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes
a, b, e
The percentage of the volume of ____________________ in the blood is called the hematocrit. This medical dictionary definition of the true hematocrit differs slightly from the clinical definition, which equates the hematocrit to the percentage of _________________. Hematocrit values vary somewhat and are dependent upon the age and sex of the individual. Adult males tend to have a hematocrit ranging between _____________, whereas adult females' hematocrits range from __________________. Males have a ___________ hematocrit because ______________ stimulates the kidney to produce the hormone __________________, which promotes erythrocyte production.
all formed elements, only erythrocytes, 42% and 56, 38% to 46%, higher, testosterone, erythropoietin
As an individual reaches adulthood, hemopoiesis is restricted to selected bones in the ____________ . More ____________ is replaced with fat as individuals continue to age. Thus, older individuals may be more prone to developing ____________ , which is a decrease in the number of circulating erythrocytes. In addition, older bone marrow may be less able to meet any demands for an increased number of formed elements. The ____________ in the elderly may be less efficient and active, and they may ____________ in number. Certain types of ____________ also are more prevalent among the elderly, probably due to the immune system being less efficient.
axial skeleton, red bone marrow, anemia, leukocytes, decrease, leukemias
Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B
b, c, f
Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group
b, e
Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .
basic, proteins
When a blood vessel is damaged, the ____________ fibers within the connective tissue beneath the endothelial cells in the vessel wall become exposed. Platelets adhere to these fibers with the assistance of a plasma protein called ____________ . As the platelets start to stick to the vessel wall, their morphology changes dramatically. They develop ____________ that further adhere them to the blood vessel wall. As more and more platelets aggregate to the site, a(n) ____________ develops to close off the injury. This is a ____________ measure to block the flow of blood to an area where a vessel wall is damaged. Platelets undergo this morphologic change and become activated. Their cytoplasm ____________ releasing chemicals to assist with hemostasis.
collagen von Willebrand factor long processes platelet plug temporary degranulates
During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to
collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor.
One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will
decrease
In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be
decreased in number and less efficient
The main function of leukocytes is to
defend against pathogens
As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol
degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.
Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______.
destruction, plasmin
The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _______ proportional to the amount of fluid.
directly, indirectly
When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the
erthyrocytes
The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of
erythrocytes in the blood.
In young children, hemopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in
flat bones of the axial skeleton.
The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are
found on the surface of erythrocytes.
The structure of hemoglobin consists of _____ chains.
four
Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein ______ group.
heme
This group contains a(n) ______ ion in the center.
iron
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of
monocytes from monoblasts.
The term differential count measures the amount of each type of leukocyte in your blood. The normal range of leukocytes in circulating blood ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter, where 50-70% of these are ____________ , 20-40% are ____________ , 2-8% are ____________ , 1-4% are ____________ , and less than 1% are ____________ .
neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils
The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of
platelets and leukocytes.
Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are
proplatelets
Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?
protection
Blood is considered a colloid because it contains ____________ in the plasma. Most of these are produced by the ____________ . Collectively, these substances exert ____________ pressure and prevent the loss of ____________ from the blood as it moves through the capillaries. The pressure exerted by the plasma proteins is called colloid osmotic pressure. This force is responsible for moving fluids ____________ and preventing excess fluid loss between blood capillaries and the interstitial fluid. If plasma protein levels decrease, colloid osmotic pressure will ____________ .
proteins liver osmotic fluid into the blood decrease
Hemopoiesis occurs in ____________ of certain bones. The process of hemopoiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called ____________ . They produce two different lines for blood cell development: The ____________ forms (1) erythrocytes, (2) all leukocytes except lymphocytes, and (3) megakaryocytes. The ____________ forms only lymphocytes. The maturation and division of hemopoietic stem cells is influenced by ____________ . These molecules are all growth factors.
red bone marrow, hemocytoblasts, pluripotent, myeloid line, lymphoid line, colony-stimulating factors
Platelets are sometimes called ____________ . Platelets are continually produced in the ____________ by ____________ . Normally, the concentration of platelets in an adult ranges from ____________ , although the count may rise further during times of stress. Platelets can circulate in the blood for 8 to 10 days, unless they are needed earlier for blood clotting. An abnormally small number of platelets in circulating blood is termed ____________ .
thrombocytes red bone marrow megakaryocytes 150,00 to 400,000 thrombocytopenia
