Chapter 18 Checkpoints

What is the primary difference in the way the nervous system and endocrine system communicate with their target cells?

Differences are speed and duration. In nervous system source/destination are very specific but quick and short lived. The endocrine system has slow effects to appear but can persist for days

two hormones secreted by the kidneys

EPO and calcitriol

What effect would elevation in cortisol levels have on blood glucose levels?

Elevated blood glucose levels, because the function of cortisol is to decrease cellular use of glucose while increasing both available glucose (by promoting the breakdown of glycogen) and conversion of AA to carbohydrates

Sherry has been restless and irritable hard time sleeping and complaints of diarrhea and weight loss. HR is up, and tremor in fingers, whats wrong?

Hyperthyroidsm. Blood test could measure TSH, T3, and T4 to see if hormone levels are elevated

How would blocking the activity of phosphodiesterase POE affect a cell that responds to hormonal stimulation by the cAMP second messenger system?

Inactivation of POE which converts cAMP to AMP would prolong the effect of the hormone

what do levels of GH-RH and CRH rise during resistance phase of general adaptation syndrome?

because the conserve glucose for use by neural tissue

The removal of the parathyroid glands would result in a decrease in the blood concentration level of which important mineral?

calcium

hormone released by adipose tissue

leptin

In Type 2 Diabetes, insulin levels are frequently normal, yet the target cells may lack?

may lack insulin receptors

increased amounts of light would inhibit the production of which hormone

melatonin from pineal gland, which is influenced by day/night patterns (circadian rhythms)

paracrine communication

the use of chemical messengers to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue

hormones of the thyroid

thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin (CT)

In what ways can a hormone modify the activities of its target cells?

1). Direct synthesis of an enzyme not already present in cytoplasm 2). Turn an existing enzyme on or off 3). Increase the rate of synthesis of a particular enzyme or other protein

Which two hormones are released by the kidneys, and what is the importance of each?

1). EPO- stimulates productions of RBC by the red bone marrow 2). Calcitrol- stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption along the digestive tract

What six hormones primarily affect growth

1). GH 2). Thyroid hormone 3). Insulin 4). PTH 5). Calcitrol 6). The reproductive hormones

What 5 primary effects result from the action of thyroid hormones?

1). Increased rate of energy consumption and utilization in the cells 2). Accelerated production of sodium-potassium ATPase 3). Activation of genes coding for the synthesis of enzymes involved in glycolysis and energy production 4). Accelerated ATP production by mitochondria 5). In growing children, normal development of skeletal, muscular, and nervous system

What are the four opposing effects of natrietic peptides and angiotensin II?

1). Promote loss of sodium ions and water in the kidneys 2). Inhibit secretion of water- conserving hormones, such as ADH and aldosterone 3). Suppress thirst 4). Block affects of angiotensin II and norepinephrine on arterioles. Angiotensin II opposes these actions by stimulating aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex and ADH by posterior lobe of pituitary gland, and further by retaining salt and water by kidneys. Angiotensin II also stimulates thirst and elevates blood pressure

Which 7 hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland

1). TSH 2). ACTH 3). FSH 4). LH 5). PRL 6). GH 7). MSH

What 3 higher level mechanisms OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS are involved in integrating the activities of the nervous and endocrine systems?

1). The hypothalamus produce regulatory hormones that control secretion by endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary 2). The hypothalamus controls autonomic centers that exert direct neural control over the endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla 3). The hypothalamus releases ADH and OXT in the bloodstream at the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. These mechanisms are adjusted through NEGATIVE FEEDBACK involving hormones released by peripheral endocrine tissues and organs

What 3 zones make up the adrenal cortex? And what kinds of hormones does each zone produce?

1). Zone Glomerulosa- Mineralocorticoids 2). Zone Fasciculata- Glucocorticoids 3). Zone Recticularis- Androgens

What primary factor determines each cells hormonal sensitivities?

A cells hormonal sensitivities are determined by the presence or absence of the receptor complex needed to bind a given hormone

hormone

A chemical messenger that is secreted by one cells and travels through the bloodstream to affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body

Why does a person with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes urinate often and have increased thirst?

A person with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes has such high blood glucose levels that the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose, some glucose is lost in the urine, because the urine contains high concentrations of glucose less water can be reclaimed by osmosis, so volume of urine production increases. The water losses reduce blood volume and elevate blood osmotic pressure, promoting thirst and triggering the secretion of ADH.

How would presence of a substance that inhibits the enzyme adenylate cyclase affect the activity of a hormone that produces its cellular effects by second messenger cAMP?

A substance that inhibits adenylate cyclase, the enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP, would block the action of any hormone that requires cAMP as a second messenger

The two hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary are?

ADH and OXT

What four cell populations make up the endocrine pancreas? Which hormones does each cell type produce?

Alpha cells- glucagon Beta cells- insulin Delta cells- GH-IH f- cells- pancreatic polypeptides

What signs and symptoms would you expect in someone's diet lacking iodine?

An individual whose diet lacks iodine would be unable to produce the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) as a result you would begin to see decreased metabolic rate, decreased body temperature, poor response to physiological stress, increase in size of the thyroid gland (goiter)

What effects do calcitonin and PTH have on blood calcium levels

Both increase calcium levels in the bloodstream and bodily fluids

When a persons thyroid gland is removed, signs of decreased thyroid hormone concentrations do not appear until about a week later. Why?

Concentrations do not appear to be low until about a week later because both thyroid and steroid hormones function in the blood stream and the reserves are so large it takes several days to eliminate them.

What effect would elevated circulating levels of cortisol, a steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex, have on pituitary secretion of ACTH?

Elevated circulating levels of cortisol inhibit the endocrine cells that control the release of ACTH from the pituitary gland, so ACTH levels would decrease. This is an example of a NEGATIVE FEEDBACK mechanism

lack of which hormones would inhibit skeletal formation

GH, TH, PTH, and Gonadal hormones

If a person were dehydrated how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior pituitary lobe change?

If a person were dehydrated the amount of ADH released by the posterior pituitary lobe would increase due to blood osmotic concentration being increased

What is an endocrine reflex? Compare endocrine and neural

In endocrine reflexes the functional counterpart of neural reflexes- a stimulus triggers the production of a hormone. Both neural and endocrine reflexes are typically controlled by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Rodger has been extremely thirsty. He drinks numerous glasses of water every day and urinates a good deal. Name 2 disorders that could produce these signs and symptoms and tests to prove what he has?

Increased thirst and frequent urination are characteristics of diabetes mellitus and insipidus. To distinguish glucose levels in the blood and urine could be measured. A high glucose concentration would indicate diabetes mellitus

Julie is pregnant but not receiving prenatal care. She has poor diet and doesn't drink milk. How would this affect her PTH?

It would be increased due to her lack of calcium

What affect would increased levels of glucagon have on the amount of glycogen stored by the liver?

It would decrease glycogen stored in the liver because it would be needed to generate sugar for other bodily functions

FSH production is males supports?

Maturation of sperm by stimulating nurse cells

How could you distinguish between a neutral response and an endocrine response on the basis of response time and duration?

Neural responses occur within fractions of a second and are short in duration. Endocrine responses are slow but last for minutes to days

Cyclic AMP functions as a second messenger to?

Open ion channels and activate key enzymes within the cytoplasm

hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland

Parathyroid Hormone, which is responsible for increasing calcium levels in the blood, by stimulating osteoclast activity (releasing calcium from bone), increasing absorption in digestion, and decreasing loss through excretion in the kidneys

A cells hormonal sensitivities are determined by?

Presence or absence of appropriate receptors. More receptors=more sensitivity

All of the following are true of the endocrine system except?

Produces rapid local brief duration responses to specific stimuli (THIS WOULD BE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM) The endocrine system does: release chemicals into the blood stream for distribution throughout the body, release hormones that simultaneously alter metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs, and produce effects lasting hours, days, or longer, and function to control ongoing metabolic processes

Increased blood calcium levels would result in increased?

Secretion of Calcitonin

A blood sample contains elevated levels of somatomedins, which pituitary hormone would also expect to be elevated?

Somatomedins mediate the action of growth hormone, so therefore you would expect growth hormone to be elevated (they typically accompany one another)

ACTH stimulates the release of?

Steroid hormones by adrenal glands

How does control of adrenal medulla differ from control of the adrenal cortex?

The adrenal medulla is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, whereas the adrenal cortex is stimulated by the release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

three zone of the arenal cortex

Zona Glomerulsa, Zona Fasiculata, and Zone Recticularis

A researcher observes the stimulation by a particular hormone induces a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the target plasma membrane. The hormone being studies is probably?

a peptide

two regions of the adrenal gland/cite hormones secreted by each

adrenal cortex - cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, and androgens adrenal medulla - epinephrine and norepinephrine

types of cells in pancreatic islets and hormones produced by each

alpha cells- glucagon beta cells- insulin delta cells- growth hormone-inhibiting hormone f cells- pancreatic polypeptides

Insulin decreases blood glucose levels and glucagon increases blood glucose levels. This is an example of which type of hormonal interaction?

antagonistic (oppose each other)

two lobes of the pituitary gland

anterior and posterior

four mechanisms of intracellular communication

direct, paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic

describe the action of renin in the blood stream

first converts angiotensin( plasma protein produced by the liver), into angiotensin 1

three possible functions of melatonin

inhibit reproductive functions protect from free radicals influence circadian rhythms

Discuss the effect of the endocrine system of skeletal muscle:

muscle metabolism, energy production and growth, hormone regulation of calcium and phosphate, which are critical to muscle function

The use of a chemical messenger to transfer communication/information from cell to cell within a single tissue is?

paracrine

hormone secreting cells of the pineal gland

pinealocytes, which secretes melatonin from the neurotransmitter serotonin

location of the parathyroid glands

posterior surface of the thyroid glands (2 on each side top and bottom = 4)