Chapter 18 Endocrine System 15 Questions STUDY THIS PART

Summarize the mechanisms for intercellular communication used by the cells.

1. Direct Communication 2. Paracrine Communication 3. Endocrine Communication 4. Synaptic Communication

Define endocrine gland, and be able to identify and locate the major endocrine glands of the body on models, diagrams, and specimens

endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands.

Compare and contrast endocrine reflexes (hormone release factors): hormonal, humoral, or neural

Functional counterparts of neural reflexes. Sense change in physiology and secretory cells and immediately react. Triggered by: 1. Humoral Stimuli: changes in composition of extracellular fluid. 2. Hormonal Stimuli: Arrival or removal of specific hormone 3. Neural Stimuli: Arrival of neurotransmitters at neuroglandular junctions. Controlled by negative feedback.

Explain the phases of the stress response

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a theory used to describe how humans respond to stress; it was developed by Hungarian endocrinologist, Hans Selye. There are three stages of stress: the alarm, resistance and exhaustion stages. The alarm stage is also known as the fight or flight stage.

Describe how the hypothalamus influences the action of the pituitary gland

Highest level of endocrine control. Weds neuro and chemical responses = neuroendocrine reflexes. Responds to changes in composition of circulating blood. Integrates activities in 3 ways: 1. Acts as endocrine organ. Neurons synthesize hormones (ADH, oxytocin) and transport them along axons to posterior lobe of pituitary where they are released in to circulation. 2. Secretes regulatory hormones that control endocrine cells in anterior pituitary. 3. Contains autonomic centers that exert direct neural control over endocrine cells of adrenal medullae. When sympathetic division is activated, adrenal medullae release hormones into bloodstream.

Predict consequences of hyper/hypo secretion of major hormones, or if a physiological imbalance occurs for the hormone involved.

THERE WILL BE CONSEQUENES