Chapter 18 HIST 17B

How did President Garfield's assassination contribute toward ending the spoils system?

By associating political partisanship with an insane assassin

Why did the Republican Party choose James A. Garfield as its candidate in 1880?

Garfield was a political dark horse.

How was Andrew Carnegie able to increase the productivity of his workers?

He insisted on a twelve-hour day six days a week.

How did Morgan achieve his stunning reorganization and consolidation of businesses in the late nineteenth century?

He sometimes formed a community of interest comprised of a handful of directors.

Which idea was promoted by the theory of social Darwinism in the late nineteenth century?

Progress is the result of competition where the strong survived and the weak died out.

Which of the following is a technique Ida B. Wells used try to raise public awareness about lynching in the South in the 1890s?

Publishing comparisons of how lynching was reported in black sources versus white sources

Why did railroad owners set up "pools" in the latter part of the nineteenth century?

Railroad operators were suffering from cut-throat competition.

American voters united around which major issue in the late nineteenth century?

Regulation of the railroads

Which of the following describes the nation's first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission?

So weak in its early years that it served as little more than a historical precedent

Which political purpose did the theory of social Darwinism serve in the late nineteenth century?

Social Darwinism justified economic inequality and curbed social reform.

Which strategy allowed Jay Gould to make a fortune off of the railroads in the late nineteenth century?

Speculating in railroad stock

The Republican Party attracted northern Protestants from the old-line denominations such as Presbyterians and Methodists using which tactic?

Supporting moral reforms such as laws requiring businesses to close on the Sabbath

According to the map, cattle trails generally connected various states with

Texas

Which type of production helped develop southern industry in the late nineteenth century?

Textiles

Which major reform was enacted during Stalwart Chester A. Arthur's presidency?

The Pendleton Civil Service Act

How did growth of the industrial sector in the South impact the crop lien system?

The crop lien system continued because most sharecroppers were too indebted to the planters.

Which cause did New South supporter Henry Grady advocate in the late nineteenth century?

The growth and development of southern industry that could compete with northern industry

Which outcome resulted from the creation of the Standard Oil trust?

The organization's monopoly over the oil industry sparked a public outcry and a push for regulation.

Which industry played a key role in the transformation of the American economy in the late nineteenth century?

The railroad industry

How did railroads epitomize the nexus of business and politics in the Gilded Age?

The railroads were privately owned but publicly financed.

Which constitutional right did Ida B. Wells argue was being denied to black men who were victims of lynching at the turn of the twentieth century?

The right to trial by jury

Which factor was the driving force in party politics in the 1880s?

The spoils system

What was the status of the federal tariff in the 1880s?

The tariff had been substantially expanded by congressional Republicans during the Civil War and throughout Reconstruction.

Why did farmers in the late nineteenth century dislike tariffs?

The tariffs artificially raised the prices of goods.

Why did reformers during the Gilded Age want to change the way the nation selected its U.S. senators?

They lamented the influence of corporate interests on state legislatures.

Which outcome did Andrew Carnegie's vertical integration business model accomplish?

Vertical integration put all aspects of the steel industry under his control.

As Ida B. Wells argued in her reporting, how were black and white men treated differently by courts and the police in the South at the turn of the twentieth century?

While many white men who murdered black men were never arrested, black men were frequently fined or jailed even if they had not committed any crimes.

How did Frances Willard transform the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) when she became president in 1879?

Willard made the WCTU an explicitly political organization.

Which group supported the Democratic Party during the Gilded Age?

Working-class Catholics and Jews

Having unintentionally alienated all factions of the Republican Party, President Hayes announced that

he would not seek reelection.

Democrats dubbed the Republican-dominated Fifty-First Congress the "Billion Dollar Congress" because it spent the nation's surplus to

inaugurate pork barrel programs for lawmakers' own constituents.

The tariff posed a threat to America's prosperity in the 1880s because

it created a surplus that was not used to produce goods and services.

The Pendleton Act of 1883 established the Civil Service Commission and

made it impossible to remove people in civil service jobs for political reasons.

Which statement summarizes the Supreme Court's position in its 1895 decision that crippled the Sherman Antitrust Act?

Manufacture and trade are not the same thing.

Which of the following statements describes late-nineteenth-century social Darwinism?

An ideology that insisted societal progress came about as a result of relentless competition in which the strong survived and the weak died out

Which tactic did Democrats use to undermine black male political power in the late nineteenth century?

Asserting that African American political power would lead to racial mixing

How did Republicans handle the tariff issue after the election of Benjamin Harrison in 1888?

Back in power, the Republicans brazenly passed the highest tariff in the nation's history in 1890.

When, in Ida B. Wells's reporting, white men in the 1890s said that they had to lynch black men to teach them a lesson, for what reason did they claim such a lesson was deserved?

Black Southerners were not acting subordinate to whites.

In the decade between 1882 and 1892, lynching rose in the South by an overwhelming 200 percent, with more than 241 black people killed. Lynching was used as a means of social control to terrorize and intimidate blacks. Which cultural myth was used to justify and legitimate the practice of white mobs lynching black people?

Black men were a dangerous threat to white women.

Which factor explains Andrew Carnegie's positive public image, in contrast to Jay Gould's reputation as "the most hated man in America"?

Carnegie rose from poverty to great wealth and gave away a lot of money to philanthropic causes.

Why did Grover Cleveland call for a reduction in tariffs in 1887?

Cleveland characterized the tariff as a tax on consumers by big industries.

Why did President Cleveland call a special session of Congress in the spring of 1893?

Cleveland wanted to press them to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

For Ida B. Wells, lynching was a problem of race as well as

gender.

Why did western farmers advocate the expansion of the country's currency with silver in the 1880s?

Farmers wanted inflation and an expanded money supply.

How did Alexander Graham Bell's telephone revolutionize both communications and business in America?

He used a complicated organizational structure in his new company that allowed both local and cross-country communication.

Which of the following tactics did Edison employ in his efforts to dominate the electric market?

He used the press and publicity stunts in an attempt to get AC outlawed.

Which groups were the most enthusiastic supporters of the tariff in the late nineteenth century?

Industrialists and Westerners who traded in wool, hides, and lumber

Which of the following states had the most railroad land grants during the late nineteenth century?

Iowa

Which outcome was the result of the "spoils system"?

It gave government employees a powerful incentive to vote in great numbers.

Which statement describes the purpose of Andrew Carnegie's strategy of vertical integration?

It placed all aspects of the business, from mining raw materials to marketing and transporting finished products, under the control of the chief operating officer.

Which statement describes the beliefs of American businessmen who subscribed to the economic theory of laissez-faire regarding the role of the government in the economy?

It should not interfere in economic affairs except to protect private property.

How effective was the Interstate Commerce Commission, the nation's first federal regulatory agency?

It was so weak in its early years that it served as little more than a historical precedent.

Which statement describes the legacy of the Greenback Labor Party?

Its call for an end to the gold standard prevailed in the 1930s.

How did Jim Crow laws restrict the lives of free African Americans in the South?

Jim Crow laws barred African Americans from eating in the same restaurants as whites.

Which aspect of society does the courthouse portrayed at the center of Jay Gould's spider web represent?

Lack of government control over corporate monopolies

Which of these significantly boosted nineteenth-century railroad construction in America?

Land grants from federal and state governments

Why did textile mill owners abandon New England and establish businesses in the South?

Mill owners wanted to take advantage of cheaper labor and closer proximity to cotton crops.

The AC motor was invented by

Nikola Tesla.

Which factor prevented the industrialized New South from becoming competitive with the North?

Northern financiers and industrialists manipulated prices.

Which factor offers a partial explanation for Republican presidential candidate James Blaine's narrow loss in the 1884 election?

One of his supporters insulted Irish Catholics.

Which commodity was a new form of wealth in late-nineteenth-century America?

Paper securities

"[They fasten upon] some railway that is prosperous, and has a surplus. They contrive to buy. . . . a controlling interest in it. . . . Then they absorb its surplus; they let it run down so that it pays no dividends, and by-and-by cannot even pay its interest; then they squeeze the bondholders, who may be glad to accept anything that is offered out of the wreck, and perhaps they throw the property into the hands of a receiver, or consolidate it with some other road at a value far greater than it cost them in stealing it. Having one way or another sucked it dry, they look around for another road." How did the moguls described by novelist Charles Dudley Warner make a profit?

They let railroads decline on purpose to manipulate market values.

Why did immigrants and working-class Catholic and Jewish voters tend to support the Democratic Party during the Gilded Age?

They objected to Republican moral crusades, which typically attacked vital elements of immigrant culture.

How did American women respond to the denial of their right to vote in the late nineteenth century?

They participated in the political process though other movements like temperance.

How were American railroads of the late nineteenth century financed and operated?

They were privately owned and publicly financed.

Why did the first Cleveland administration create the Interstate Commerce Commission?

To oversee the railroad industry

According to Ida B. Wells, what was the central purpose of lynching in the South?

To use terrorism to rid the South of black men who were acquiring wealth and property

Political reformers during the Gilded Age wanted to change the way the nation selected its

U.S. senators.

Which railroad passes through Wyoming?

Union Pacific

The death of President Garfield in 1881 resulted in a movement for

civil service reform.

The fact that Ida B. Wells's three lynched friends owned a successful grocery business illustrates how white violence in the late nineteenth century often targeted black Southerners who

experienced financial success.

President Grover Cleveland hoped to increase the nation's flagging gold reserves during the economic depression in the winter of 1894-1895 by

making a deal with a private group of bankers who would buy government bonds with gold.

High voter participation and party loyalty, both common in the Gilded Age, were secured by

patronage

The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 stated that

pools and trusts were illegal.

States' attempts to regulate the railroads ultimately failed because the Supreme Court's 1886 Wabash v. Illinois decision ruled that

railroads that crossed state boundaries fell outside state jurisdiction.

In Munn v. Illinois (1877), the U.S. Supreme Court

ruled in favor of state regulation of railroads.

J. P. Morgan's major economic legacy was

the corporate consolidation model.

Grover Cleveland was able to get reelected in 1892 by

voicing support for tariff reform.