Chapter 18 Human Biology

You are a physician. A female patient tests positive for the BRCA2 gene. Which of the following would be best to tell her?

She has in increased risk of getting breast and ovarian cancer and should be monitored as such

A woman tests positive for the BRCA2 mutation. Which of the following is true?

She inherited the gene from her mother or her father

Which of the following does NOT occur as a cell progresses toward becoming cancerous?

The cell retains its normal function

When cells first exhibit dysplasia, this means the _________

cells lost their specialized functions and structures

You are a researcher at a pharmaceutical company working on drug development. You develop a drug that will prevent the second mutation that leads to acute lymphoblastic leukemia. What are you targeting?

cytokines

The ABCDABCD rule refers to the evaluation of ________

melanoma

Pancreatic and esophageal cancers are particularly deadly because _________

they are often undetected until an advanced stage

Which of the following imaging techniques expose(s) the body to radiation

both X-rays and PET scans

A mole is usually considered a _________

benign tumor

You work for a company creating gene therapy treatments. Which of the following chromosomes do you focus on to work on a treatment for BRCA2?

13

A child is born with the mutation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Which of the following is true?

He may or may not get the disease

Which is the best definition of apoptosis?

Apoptosis is a cellular repair mechanism whereby certain cells commit suicide

In general, for a tumor to form, which gene or genes must mutate?

Both the proto-oncogene and the tumor suppressor gene must mutate

Which of the following genes is most similar to BRCA2?

RB gene, a tumor-suppressing gene linked to retinoblastoma

Which of the following statements regarding skin cancer is true?

Skin cancer can develop from cumulative sun exposure, even in the absence of sunburns

The most common cause(s) of cancer deaths in the United States is/are _________

Smoking

One mechanism by which viral infections may increase the risk of cancer is _________

altering the function of regulatory genes

The difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor is that _____

a benign tumor does not invade other tissues; a malignant tumor does

A cell is dividing under circumstances when cell division would normally be inhibited. Which of the following is a regulatory gene that has probably been inactivated in the cell?

a tumor-suppressor gene

The growth of new blood vessels to support rapidly growing tumors is called _________

angiogenesis

Which of the following cancer treatments prevents growth of blood vessels that support growing tumors?

anti-angiogenic drugs

Metastasis is enabled by _________

both the lymphatic and circulatory systems

A man tests positive for BRCA2. Which of the following should he be monitored for?

breast and prostate cancer

Hair loss, anemia, nausea, and depletion of white blood cells are side effects most often associated with _________

chemotherapy

Which of the following cancer treatments would be most effective at targeting both the original tumor as well as all secondary tumors?

chemotherapy

Which of the following is the same in an in situ tumor and a malignant tumor?

frequency of cell division

Which of the following represents the correct order of steps leading to the development of malignant cancer

hyperplasia, dysplasia, in situ cancer, metastasis and/or invasion

Which two body systems appear to be most involved with acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

immune and circulatory

Cell division in healthy cells _________

is controlled by regulatory genes

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 _________

mutations can be identified in carriers by a blood test

A cell has lost its ability to repair DNA errors that occur during DNA replication. What gene has probably been mutated?

mutator gene

The function of the tumor suppressor gene is to ______

prevent cell division when conditions are not right for cell division

An enzyme that occurs rarely in normal cells but frequently in cancer cells is _________

telomerase

Complete this sentence. Metastasis means that _______

tumor cells have broken off from the primary mass and have traveled via lymphatic vessels or blood vessels to new locations

A mutation in which of the following types of genes would likely allow cell division to proceed even if conditions are not suitable or if the cells are already showing cancerous tendencies?

tumor suppressor genes

Which of the following foods is associated with an increased risk of cancer development?

unprocessed peanut butter

Inheriting a mutated proto-oncogene from one or both of your parents means that ________

you are at an increased risk for cancer