Chapter 18 Review
vapor canopy
Computer models developed by Bible-believing scientists suggest that the ___ theory is not a good model for the earth's atmosphere leading up to the Flood.
the gases stay uniformly mixed
How are the gases in the homosphere?
heterosphere and homosphere
list the composition layers
atmosphere
Where do plants get their carbon as part of the carbon cycle?
the ionosphere
Which atmospheric layer directly affects radio communications on Earth?
artificial chemical reaction that produces ammonia fertilizer.
The Haber-Bosch process is a(n)
atmosphere
The ___ is the largest nitrogen reservoir for the global nitrogen cycle.
mesosphere
The coldest temperatures of the atmosphere are found at the top of the ___.
composition
The color of an aurora depends on which ___ layer of the atmosphere it forms in.
convection
The density currents that cause air to mix are an example of __________.
carbon dioxide/water vapor
An example of a greenhouse gas is ___.
No, Ultraviolet radiation helps our bodies produce vitamin D, so in small doses ultraviolet radiation is beneficial.
Exposure to any kind of ultraviolet light in any amount is dangerous and should be avoided.
little
Air temperature in the exosphere varies a ___ as one increases hundreds of kilometers in altitude.
stratosphere
Aircraft that travel long distances fly in the ___ to avoid storms and benefit from the jet streams.
False, Typically, about half of the sun's energy reaches the earth's surface.
Almost all of the sun's energy makes it to the earth's surface.
much cooler than at the earth's surface.
Assuming that you could survive without a space suit in the thermosphere, in the earth's shadow you would feel
False, The ozone hole is still there and its size is extremely variable. Scientists are still unsure about the effect that halting CFC production has had.
Atmospheric scientists have determined that halting the global production of CFCs twenty years ago has definitely begun shrinking the ozone hole over Antarctica.
the gases separate into layers on the basis of their masses
How are the gases in the heterosphere?
True
Humans have a God-given responsibility to take care of the atmosphere.
No
If an atmosphere with 21% oxygen is good for us, then an atmosphere with 100% oxygen would be much better.
auroras
In addition to being a protective layer, the magnetosphere also produces beautiful _____________.
is generally constant from the surface to the tropopause.
In temperate zones, the tropospheric lapse rate
photosynthesis
In the carbon cycle, carbon is moved from the atmosphere into plants by ___.
troposphere
In which temperature layer do most people live?
firmament/expanse
Many creationists believe that the atmosphere is part of the ___, which God created between the waters below and the waters above.
False, Ozone is a component of smog which is present in the troposphere
Ozone exists only in the stratosphere.
three
Ozone in the atmosphere is made up of ___ oxygen atoms.
They rely on microwaves, which pass through the ionosphere, to communicate.
Radio waves reflect off the ionosphere. How can technicians on the ground communicate with the International Space Station?
False, Ozone is a component of smog, which is harmful to life. Ozone is a lung irritant and is deadly in high concentrations.
Since ozone is made of oxygen, it is always beneficial to life.
ultraviolet/UV
The vitamin D that is produced in our skin is the result of a reaction caused by ___ light.
mesosphere
What is the coldest layer of the atmosphere?
exosphere
What is the hottest layer of the atmosphere?
hydrogen, helium, nitrogen
Which of the following gases were present in the earth's earliest atmosphere according to naturalistic scientists? Select all that apply. hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen
the earth's surface warming the air directly above it
Which of the following is an example of conduction?
the magnetosphere
Which of the following layers would be most effective in protecting the earth from a solar flare?
clear with low humidity
Which of the following weather conditions allows the earth's surface to absorb the most heat from the sun?
breathing of humans and animals, rate of burning, rusting
Which of the following would be directly affected by variations of oxygen levels in the atmosphere? Select all that apply. breathing of humans and animals, rate of burning, greenhouse warming, rusting
greenhouse warming
Which of the following would not be directly affected by variations in atmospheric oxygen levels? breathing of humans and animals, rate of burning, greenhouse warming, rusting
Infrared rays
___ are a key form of solar radiation.
jet streams
fast winds that travel in paths in the stratosphere
greenhouse effect
indirect warming of the atmosphere
ozone layer
oxygen, absorbs high-energy ultraviolet light, converts light energy to heat
solar constant
rate of solar energy flow that reaches the earth
ionosphere
reflects radio waves
magnetosphere
the Van Allen belts, the aurora borealis and aurora australis
electromagnetic spectrum
the continuum of energetic wave known as light energy
atmosphere
the envelope of gases surrounding the earth
conduction
warming air in direct contact with a hot, parking-lot blacktop, cooling air lying on a body of cold water
radiation
warming the atmosphere directly by the sun's rays, warming water as it absorbs the sun's rays
convection
warming the upper atmosphere by rising air, cool water descending into the depths of a warm ocean
thermal
A ___ convection current in the atmosphere is a kind of density current.
magnetosphere
A region extending thousands of kilometers into space that includes the exosphere and Van Allen belts is called the ___.
False, Auroras occur when charged particles in the magnetosphere escape into the lower atmosphere and collide with gas particles.
Auroras occur when charged particles escape from the ionosphere into the magnetosphere.
magnetosphere
Besides being America's first successful artificial satellite, Explorer 1 also discovered the presence of the ___.
oxygen
Evolutionists believe that the first life forms to appear would have been poisoned by the presence of ___ in the atmosphere.
separated by mass
Except for the homosphere, the gases in the rest of the atmosphere separate out into layers that are ___.
eye damage, skin cancer, sunburn
Excessive exposure to UV rays can cause which of the following in humans?
troposhpere
Most of Earth's weather happens in the ___.
soil water
Most of the direct solar energy that reaches the earth is absorbed by ___.
fixed
Most plants in the world depend on ___ nitrogen produced by soil and marine bacteria.
microwaves
NASA can communicate with astronauts above the ionosphere because the ionosphere does not reflect ___.
Antarctica
Nearly every year, a thin spot in the ozone layer develops over __________.
infrared
Of the solar energy that makes up the solar constant, most of it is __________.
no free oxygen
Old-earth scientists believe that the early earth had ___ in its atmosphere.
at the mesopause.
On average, the coldest temperatures in the atmosphere occur
False, Not all of the energy that reaches the top of the atmosphere reaches the earth's surface. Some of the energy is absorbed within the atmosphere and some is reflected back into space.
Since space is a vacuum, all of the sun's energy arriving at the top of the atmosphere reaches the earth's surface.
No, The coolest temperatures in the atmosphere occur at the top of the mesophere.
Since warm air rises, the troposphere is the coolest layer of the atmosphere.
greenhouse effect
The ___ occurs when land and water heated by the sun warm the air.
a direct act of God during Creation Week.
The atmosphere was formed by
second day
The atmosphere was probably created on the ___ of Creation.
oxygen
The gas called ozone is composed of __________ atoms.
smog
The kind of air pollution that makes many of our cities appear hazy is called __________.
molecular hydrogen (H2)
The layer of the earth's atmosphere farthest from the earth's surface is composed of __________.
solar wind
The magnetosphere is not spherical because of the ___.
nitrogen
The most abundant gas in the homosphere is __________.
come from straight overhead.
The most concentrated form of solar energy at the earth's surface occurs when the rays
dilute oxygen to the level appropriate for life.
The most significant role for nitrogen in the atmosphere is to
ultraviolet waves
The ozone layer protects life on Earth from dangerous ___ from the sun.
relatively constant
The percentages of gases in the homosphere remain ___.
solar constant
The rate at which solar energy enters the earth's atmosphere is called the ___.
Not true
The troposphere is the only atmospheric layer to have winds.
stratosphere
When Felix Baumgartner set the record for the longest free fall, he jumped from an altitude of 40 km. What temperature zone of the atmosphere was he in when he jumped?
lightning
Which of the following converts atmospheric nitrogen to a usable organic form?
oxygen
Which of the following gases was not present in the earth's earliest atmosphere according to naturalistic scientists?
He was exposed to extreme cold and insufficient oxygen.
Why did Felix Baumgartner need a spacesuit when he did his record-breaking free-fall jump in 2012?
Ammonia
___ is a compound that contains nitrogen.
Lightning
___ is a natural agent of nitrogen fixing.
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
list the temperature layers
lapse rate
the steady temperature change associated with altitude change