Chapter 18 The Endocrine System

34) The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) renal D) muscular E) hepatic

A) endocrine

86) The control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct ________ regulation. A) endocrine B) pancreatic C) homeostatic D) hepatic E) vascular

A) endocrine

83) Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ion in the blood via inhibition of ________. A) thymosin; osteocytes B) calcitonin; osteoclasts C) PTH; osteocytes D) aldosterone; osteoclasts E) cortisol; osteoblasts

B) calcitonin; osteoclasts

90) The thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and store thyroid hormone. A) tubules B) follicles C) ducts D) capillaries E) plexuses

B) follicles

23) If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose? A) progesterone B) glucagon C) cortisol D) thyroxine E) leptin

B) glucagon

99) The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) growth hormone. D) parathyroid hormone. E) thyroid hormone.

D) parathyroid hormone.

48) Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called A) gonadotrophins. B) prostaglandins. C) hepatic hormones. D) somatomedins. E) glucocorticoids

D) somatomedins.

54) The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is A) ACTH. B) MSH. C) prolactin. D) insulin. E) growth hormone.

E) growth hormone.

59) The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the A) basal ganglion. B) infundibulum. C) adenohypophysis. D) mesencephalon. E) neurohypophysis.

E) neurohypophysis.

49) The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

A) TSH.

40) Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture A) CRF and GnRH. B) TSH and FSH. C) ADH and oxytocin. D) FSH and PRL. E) GHIH and GHRH.

C) ADH and oxytocin.

51) The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

C) FSH.

94) The majority of thyroid hormones are secreted as ________ but small amounts of ________ is also secreted from the follicle. A) transthyretin; calcitonin B) T3; calcitonin C) T4; T3 D) thyroglobulin; transthyretin E) calcitonin; colloid

C) T4; T3

81) A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.

C) calcitonin.

9) Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) calmodulin. D) calcium-binding globulin. E) calcitropin.

C) calmodulin.

70) Hypophyseal portal system capillaries are A) lined by tight junctions. B) lined by microglial cells. C) fenestrated. D) impermeable. E) lined by podocytes.

C) fenestrated.

42) Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause A) dwarfism. B) rickets. C) gigantism. D) acromegaly. E) diabetes insipidus.

C) gigantism.

63) Abnormally low production of LH and FSH results in A) diabetes insipidus. B) a diabetogenic effect. C) hypogonadism. D) a glucose-sparing effect. E) hypocortisolism.

C) hypogonadism.

84) Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place? A) in lysosomes B) in rough endoplasmic reticulum C) in the follicle cavity D) in pinocytotic vesicles E) in apical microvilli

C) in the follicle cavity

88) Which of the following is not an action of TSH? A) stimulates T3 and T4 secretion B) stimulates iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cells C) inhibits T3 and T4 secretion D) stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by thyroid follicle cells E) increases cyclic AMP concentration within thyroid follicle cells

C) inhibits T3 and T4 secretion

55) After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one? A) aldosterone B) epinephrine C) renin D) ADH E) cortisol

D) ADH

31) Intracellular calcium stores open in response to intracellular activation of A) protein kinase C, diacylglycerol, and inositol triphosphate. B) calmodulin. C) leukotrienes. D) adenylate cyclase. E) phosphodiesterase, adenylate cyclase, and prostacyclins.

A) protein kinase C, diacylglycerol, and inositol triphosphate.

61) The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland can be divided into three parts: the pars distalis, the pars intermedia, and the pars A) tuberalis. B) nervosa. C) pinea. D) intermedia. E) magnus.

A) tuberalis.

35) The most complex endocrine responses involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) adrenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus gland.

D) hypothalamus.

28) One cause for insulin resistance in non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes is A) insulin receptor up-regulation. B) decreased insulin secretion. C) decreased cortisol secretion. D) insulin receptor down-regulation. E) cortisol receptor up-regulation.

D) insulin receptor down-regulation. E

75) Identify the hormone labeled "13." A) LH B) progesterone C) estrogen D) oxytocin E) testosterone

D) oxytocin

65) The pituitary gland is located within this structure. A) the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone B) hypoglossal canal C) crista galli D) sella turcica of the sphenoid bone E) petrous part of the temporal bone

D) sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

27) Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells. A) stem B) pluripotent C) germ D) target E) peripheral

D) target

12) Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) thyroid hormone. D) testosterone. E) melatonin

D) testosterone.

95) Thyroid hormone may increase cellular ATP production by binding to A) the cytoplasm. B) the outer surface of the plasma membrane. C) the inner surface of the plasma membrane. D) the mitochondria. E) the vesicles.

D) the mitochondria

91) Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid A) glutamic acid. B) epinephrine. C) iodine. D) tyrosine. E) glycine.

D) tyrosine.

13) Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? A) catecholamines B) peptide hormones C) eicosanoids D) thyroid E) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

E) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

78) All of the following are known effects of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues except A) increased oxygen consumption. B) increased heart rate. C) increased sensitivity to autonomic stimulation. D) increased body temperature. E) decreased cellular metabolism.

E) decreased cellular metabolism.

62) Hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called A) tropic hormones. B) androgens. C) somatotropins. D) immunogens. E) gonadotropins.

E) gonadotropins.

22) Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors? A) insulin B) epinephrine C) cortisol D) calcitriol E) insulin and epinephrine

E) insulin and epinephrine

53) The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) growth hormone. D) FSH. E) prolactin.

E) prolactin.

67) All of the following are functions of LH except A) triggering ovulation. B) stimulating secretion of testosterone. C) stimulating the formation of the corpus luteum. D) stimulating the secretion of progesterone. E) stimulating follicle development.

E) stimulating follicle development.

85) TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones. A) inhibition B) synthesis C) release D) inhibition and secretion E) synthesis and release

E) synthesis and release

17) Hormonal actions on cells affect all of the following except A) quantities of enzymes. B) activities of enzymes. C) synthesis of enzymes. D) gating of ion channels. E) thickness of the plasma membrane.

E) thickness of the plasma membrane.

77) Activity of which of the following cells is inhibited by calcitonin release? A) alpha cells B) osteoclasts C) osteoblasts D) C cells E) all cells in the body

B) osteoclasts

45) Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis except A) FSH. B) oxytocin. C) TSH. D) corticotropin. E) somatotropin.

B) oxytocin.

66) Milk production is stimulated by ________, milk ejection is stimulated by ________. A) somatomedin; MSH B) prolactin; oxytocin C) oxytocin; prolactin D) MSH; somatomedin E) LH; FSH

B) prolactin; oxytocin

93) Follicle cells synthesize a protein called A) calcitonin. B) thyroglobulin. C) transthyretin. D) albumin. E) colloid.

B) thyroglobulin.

71) Identify the hormone labeled "4." A) thyroid-releasing hormone B) thyroid-stimulating hormone C) thyroxin D) thyrotropin E) calcitonin

B) thyroid-stimulating hormone

80) The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is A) somatotropin. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) parathyroid hormone. E) glucagon.

B) thyroxine.

69) Hormones that stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones are A) humoral. B) tropic. C) reflexive. D) up-regulators. E) paracrine factors.

B) tropic.

57) The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce or store how many hormones? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 16

D) 9

64) Vasopressin is a common term for this hormone. A) ADH B) GH C) oxytocin D) prolactin E) TSH

A) ADH

3) ________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A) Hormones B) Neuropeptides C) Neurotransmitters D) Humoral antibodies E) Antigens

A) Hormones

72) Identify the hormone labeled "1." A) mineralocorticoid B) cortisol C) dopamine D) ACTH E) aldosterone

D) ACTH

100) The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells. B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood. D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. E) increases the level of glucose in the blood

B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood

5) Which of the following is not true regarding target cells? A) They have receptors for a specific hormone. B) They can be anywhere in the body. C) They are associated with synapses. D) They can respond to more than one hormone if they have receptors for each one. E) If a target cell lacks receptors for a hormone then it cannot bind that hormone.

C) They are associated with synapses.

60) The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the A) basal ganglion. B) infundibulum. C) adenohypophysis. D) mesencephalon. E) neurohypophysis.

C) adenohypophysis.

92) The specific target cells of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine are A) the cells of the parathyroid glands. B) the cells of the pituitary gland. C) all cells of the body. D) the cells of the ovaries and testes. E) the cells of the thymus gland.

C) all cells of the body

30) Upon binding of a single first messenger to a plasma membrane, thousands of second messengers may become activated. This effect is known as A) receptor down-regulation. B) receptor up-regulation. C) amplification. D) humoral stimuli. E) synergism.

C) amplification.

14) Steroid hormones A) are proteins. B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. D) act on target cells by activating second messenger cascades. E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

82) The C cells of the thyroid gland produce A) thyroxine. B) TSH. C) calcitonin. D) PTH. E) triiodothyronine.

C) calcitonin.

97) Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking? A) thyroid glands; calcitonin B) parathyroid glands; calcitonin C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine E) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine

C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

47) Growth hormone does all of the following except A) promote bone growth. B) promote muscle growth. C) promote cortisol release. D) spare glucose. E) promote amino acid uptake by cells.

C) promote cortisol release.

2) Endocrine cells A) are a type of nerve cell. B) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. C) release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood. D) contain few vesicles. E) are modified connective tissue cells

C) release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood.

15) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) cell membrane becomes depolarized. C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D) cell becomes inactive. E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

29) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the second-messenger mechanism of hormone action? A) Hormone effects are amplified. B) G proteins and cAMP are used. C) Receptors are on the cell surface. D) Cellular operations are altered by direct stimulation of a gene. E) Kinases may phosphorylate proteins.

D) Cellular operations are altered by direct stimulation of a gene.

52) The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

D) LH

44) The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is A) FSH. B) ADH. C) TSH. D) MSH. E) ACTH.

D) MSH.

18) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) adenyl cyclase. D) a G protein. E) calcium ion levels.

D) a G protein.

24) Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of A) testosterone. B) estrogen. C) thyroid hormone. D) cAMP. E) progesterone.

D) cAMP.

25) The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes. A) prostaglandin B) phosphodiesterase C) cyclic AMP D) calmodulin E) kinase

D) calmodulin

10) Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger? A) insulin B) ACTH C) epinephrine D) cyclic AMP E) TSH

D) cyclic AMP

6) Hormones known as "catecholamines" are A) lipids. B) peptides. C) steroids. D) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. E) derivatives of reproductive glands.

D) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.

20) After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, A) adenyl cyclase is activated. B) cyclic nucleotides are formed. C) G proteins are phosphylated. D) gene transcription is initiated. E) protein kinases are activated.

D) gene transcription is initiated.

43) Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates? A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C) insulin D) growth hormone E) epinephrine

D) growth hormone

73) A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus? A) 3 B) 7 C) 2 D) 8 E) 14

E) 14

19) When adenyl cyclase is activated, A) ATP is consumed. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) ATP is produced. E) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

E) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

46) All of the following are true of oxytocin except? A) It promotes uterine contractions. B) It is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. C) It triggers prostate gland contraction. D) It is produced in the hypothalamus. E) It is stored in the anterior pituitary.

E) It is stored in the anterior pituitary.

1) Which of the following is true of the endocrine system? A) It responds rapidly to stimuli. B) It responds specifically to digestive stimuli. C) It communicates by the release of neurotransmitters. D) It responds with motor output. E) It responds slowly but effectively for maintaining homeostatic functions.

E) It responds slowly but effectively for maintaining homeostatic functions.

37) If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones? A) TSH B) ACTH C) PRL D) ADH and OXT E) TSH, ACTH, PRL

E) TSH, ACTH, PRL

16) Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except A) peptides. B) steroids. C) eicosanoids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) acetylcholine derivatives.

E) acetylcholine derivatives.

98) Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) inhibit osteoblast activity. C) build up bone. D) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.

. C) build up bone. D

4) A hormone might A) alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it. B) depolarize a skeletal muscle cell. C) interfere with norepinephrine at a neuronal synapse. D) inactivate glucose so it cannot be used by a cell. E) block the production of a cell membrane.

A) alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it.

11) All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they A) are produced by the adrenal medulla. B) are derived from cholesterol. C) are produced by reproductive glands. D) bind to receptors within the cell. E) are lipids.

A) are produced by the adrenal medulla.

21) The humoral control of hormone release may be triggered which of the following factors? A) blood level of an ion like calcium B) blood level of a pituitary hormone C) blood level of a hypothalamic hormone D) nervous stimuli E) neurotransmitter activation

A) blood level of an ion like calcium

26) Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells. A) catecholamines B) carbohydrates C) kinases D) genes E) acetylcholine

A) catecholamines

7) Peptide hormones are A) composed of amino acids. B) produced by the adrenal glands. C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine. D) lipids. E) chemically related to cholesterol.

A) composed of amino acids.

96) If dietary iodine levels are deficient you would expect that plasma TSH levels would be ________ and that plasma thyroxine levels would be ________. A) high; low B) low; high C) unchanged; low D) low; unchanged E) low; low

A) high; low

68) A tumor in the pituitary gland could directly result in all of the following except A) hypercortisolism. B) pituitary dwarfism. C) diabetes insipidus. D) gigantism. E) hypogonadism.

A) hypercortisolism.

41) The main action of antidiuretic hormone is A) increased water conservation by kidneys. B) to stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin. C) increase urine output to remove excess fluid. D) increased blood pressure by increased Na+ reabsorption. E) inhibition of aldosterone.

A) increased water conservation by kidneys.

89) The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the A) isthmus. B) pars intermedia. C) commissure. D) aqueduct. E) infundibulum

A) isthmus.

36) Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results? A) loss of ADH secretion B) loss of GH secretion C) loss of melatonin secretion D) loss of thyroid stimulating hormone secretion E) loss of prolactin secretion

A) loss of ADH secretion

58) The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are A) oxytocin. B) prolactin. C) luteinizing hormone. D) follicle stimulating hormone. E) both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

A) oxytocin.

8) A kinase is an enzyme that performs A) phosphorylation. B) as a membrane channel. C) active transport. D) protein synthesis. E) as an antibody.

A) phosphorylation.

56) The term used to describe excess production of urine is A) polyuria. B) polydipsia. C) hematuria. D) glycosuria. E) polyphagia.

A) polyuria

50) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH

B) ACTH.

38) Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of A) ACTH. B) ADH. C) oxytocin. D) TSH. E) LH.

B) ADH.

32) Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes are all examples of A) amino acid derivatives. B) eicosanoids. C) tyrosine derivatives. D) glycoproteins. E) steroid hormones.

B) eicosanoids.

79) Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of A) hyperthyroidism. B) hypothyroidism. C) hyperparathyroidism. D) hypoparathyroidism. E) diabetes insipidus.

B) hypothyroidism.

76) Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone? A) sodium B) iodine C) potassium D) iron E) colloid

B) iodine

39) The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by A) direct neural stimulation. B) indirect osmotic control. C) secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophysealportal system. D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. E) gap synaptic junctions.

C) secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophysealportal system.

33) Which hormone is not correctly matched? A) epinephrine: amino acid derivative B) insulin: peptide hormone C) testosterone: amino acid derivative D) cortisol: lipid derivative E) eicosanoids: lipid derivative

C) testosterone: amino acid derivative

87) Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the A) kidneys. B) heart. C) thyroid gland. D) gonads. E) pituitary gland.

C) thyroid gland.

74) Identify the hormone labeled "5." A) thyroid-releasing hormone B) thyroid-stimulating hormone C) thyroxine D) thyrotropin E) parathyroid hormone (PTH)

C) thyroxine