Chapter 19

Stages of Drosophila development are listed here. Which of the following choices lists these stages of Drosophila development in the correct order? 1 - the three germ cell layers form 2 - metamorphosis 3 - the larva hatches 4 - the syncytial blastoderm forms 5 - the body is divided into segments 6 - the pupa forms 7 - the cellular blastoderm forms A. 4,7,1,5,3,6,2 B. 7,4,5,1,3,6,2 C. 4,7,1,5,6,3,2 D. 4,7,1,5,2,3,6 E. 7,4,1,5,6,3,2

A. 4,7,1,5,3,6,2

You find a mutant Drosophila larva that is lacking anterior structures. You know that this embryo had normal amounts of Bicoid protein. What other type of mutation could cause this result? A. A hunchback mutation that inhibits Hunchback production. B. A hunchback mutation that causes Hunchback overproduction. C. A maternal effect gene mutation that inhibits the production of a maternal gene product. D. A segmentation gene mutation that inhibits production of a segmentation gene product. E. A segmentation gene mutation that causes the overproduction of a segmentation gene product.

A. A hunchback mutation that inhibits Hunchback production.

Place these genes in their temporal order of expression from earliest to latest during Drosophila development. A. Bicoid, Gap, Homeotic B. Homeotic, Gap, Bicoid C. Homeotic, Bicoid,Gap D. These genes are not expressed at different times during development. They are expressed at the same time, but in a different spatial order. E. Kruppel, gooseberry, even-skipped

A. Bicoid, Gap, Homeotic

You find an Arabidopsis plant in your greenhouse that lacks stamens and carpels, and has two rows of petals and sepals. What happened to cause this abnormal flower development? A. a mutation in gene C B. an overexpression of gene B C. a mutation in gene A D. a mutation in gene C and overexpression of gene E E. mutations in gene C and gene A

A. a mutation in gene C

The majority of Drosophila embryo segments will become part of the ________ in an adult fly. A. abdomen B. thorax C. head D. head or thorax E. bithorax complex

A. abdomen

What are induced pluripotent stem cells? A. adult stem cells that have been made in the laboratory B. adult stem cells that are reprogrammed to become embryonic stem cells C. totipotent stems cells from a zygote that have been induced to become pluripotent D. inner mass cells that have been removed without killing the embryo

A. adult stem cells that have been made in the laboratory

The part of the Drosophila zygote with high bicoid concentration will A. become the anterior region of the embryo B. become the region of the embryo that has a spiracle C. become the tail region of the embryo D. become the segment that will have wings E. become the segments that will have legs

A. become the anterior region of the embryo

Which of the following lists gives the cellular processes for limb formation in correct order from first to last? A. cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, cell death B. cell migration, cell differentiation, cell division, cell death C. cell migration, cell division, cell differentiation, cell death D. cell division, cell differentiation, cell migration, cell death E. cell differentiation, cell migration, cell division, cell death

A. cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, cell death

Animal bodies are organized along the ____________ axes. A. dorsoventral, anteroposterior, and left-right B. dorsoventral, cranioposterior, and right-left C. dorsoventral, anteroposterior, and segmented D. dorsoventral, cranioposterior, and segmented E. apicalventral, anteroposterior, and right-left

A. dorsoventral, anteroposterior, and left-right

The root-shoot axis of plants A. is determined by the orientation of the first zygotic cell division B. is determined by sunlight, as roots grow away from the sun and shoot grow towards the sun C. is determined by three axes D. develops in segments E. None of these are correct

A. is determined by the orientation of the first zygotic cell division

The colinearity rule describes A. the spatial arrangement of homeotic genes along the chromosome B. the timing of expression of homeotic genes C. the long stretches of DNA between homeotic gene complexes D. the parallel arrangement of homeotic genes between different chromosomes E. the spatial arrangement of alpha helices in proteins encoded by homeotic genes

A. the spatial arrangement of homeotic genes along the chromosome

You thinly slice a carrot root and place the slices on a medium containing nutrients and hormones necessary for plant growth. After a few weeks, you see that there are many little entire carrot plants growing from the root slices. The cells in the root can give rise to an entire plant because many plant cells are A. totipotent B. unipotent C. embryonic D. pluripotent E. semipotent

A. totipotent

Nurse cells A. transcribe bicoid mRNA and then transport it to the embryo B. translate bicoid mRNA into protein C. induce the embryo to transcribe and translate bicoid mRNA D. transport Bicoid protein to the embryo E. translate bicoid mRNA into protein and transport the protein to the embryo

A. transcribe bicoid mRNA and then transport it to the embryo

A particular segment formed during normal Drosophila development A. will always form the same structures in adult flies B. can form different structures, depending on positional information received by the segment during early development C. is only important to early developmental stages D. will express different transcription factors in different individuals E. will become ectoderm, endoderm, or mesoderm

A. will always form the same structures in adult flies

A particular segment formed during normal Drosophila development A. will always form the same structures in adult flies B. can form different structures, depending on positional information received by the segment during early development C. is only important to early developmental stages D. will express different transcription factors in different individuals E. will become ectoderm, endoderm, or mesoderm

A. will always form the same structures in adult flies

In the experiment by Davis et al., only fibroblast cells that took up the cloned myoD gene differentiated into muscle cells. This is because A. only those cells contained muscle-cell-specific enhancer sequences. B. MyoD is a transcription factor that turned on muscle-specific genes such as myosin C. MyoD is a transcription factor that shut off fibroblast specific genes, allowing the muscle cell characteristics to show up D. MyoA and MyoH are transcription factors that shut off muscle-specific genes E. myoD is the gene for myosin and the presence of myosin converts the fibroblast into a muscle cell

B. MyoD is a transcription factor that turned on muscle-specific genes such as myosin

What is a homeobox? A. a cluster of homeotic genes B. a sequence within a homeotic gene that encodes the DNA-binding portion of a transcription factor C. the portion of the promoter to which a homeoprotein binds to activate transcription of genes important for development D. an enhancer region needed for expression of a homeotic gene E. none of these are correct

B. a sequence within a homeotic gene that encodes the DNA-binding portion of a transcription factor

In a mouse, the axis that determines the body pattern from the nose to the tip of the tail is A. dorso-ventral B. antero-posterior C. right-left D. tip-tip E. radial-medial

B. antero-posterior

In your Drosophila laboratory, you find a larva that is missing segments Lb, T1, T2, and T3. This larva probably has a mutation in a ___________ gene. A. pair-rule B. gap C. maternal effect D. segment-polarity E. gap or segment-polarity

B. gap

An unusual red sponge is discovered near a deep-sea vent. You want to determine if this is a new species of sponge, so you separate the cells for further study. A new lab assistant accidentally adds cells from a blue sponge to your preparation while you are at lunch. When you return, you find that the sponge cells have reaggregated into a multicellular organism. What do you see if the red and blue sponges are the different species? A. one sponge with a red side and a blue side B. one blue sponge and one red sponge C. one sponge with blue and red randomly distributed D. one purple sponge (mix of red and blue colors) E. one sponge with alternating red and blue layers of cells

B. one blue sponge and one red sponge

The figure below depicts a human embryo. The cells in the inner cell mass (indicated by the arrow) are: A. totipotent B. pluripotent C. multipotent D. unipotent E. omnipotent

B. pluripotent

The ________________ can differentiate into stems, leaves, or flowers. A. suspensor B. shoot meristem C. basal region D. central region E. root meristem

B. shoot meristem

Some breeds of dogs that are specialized to retrieve objects from bodies of water have webbing between their toes. A change in what cellular response to positional information during digit formation could account for this morphological feature? A. signals that cause differentiation to toes are not received by cells that become webbing B. signals to cause apoptosis are not received by cells that become webbing C. cells between the future digits migrate, but do not divide once they are in the region that will become toes D. cells between the future digits divide, but do not migrate to the region that will become toes E. cells between the future digits do not divide before migrating to the region that will become toes

B. signals to cause apoptosis are not received by cells that become webbing

In Drosophila, the hunchback gene encodes a protein (HB) that has a role in the development of the thorax. In the zygote and embryo, the expression of hunchback is stimulated by high concentrations of Bicoid protein. Which of the following is accurate about the expression of hunchback in the Drosophila embryo? A. the HB protein is produced throughout the embryo B. the HB protein is produced only in the anterior half of the embryo C. the HB protein is produced only in the posterior half of the embryo D. the HB protein is produced in the middle of the embryo; but is not produced in the anterior or posterior end E. no HB protein is produced in the embryo

B. the HB protein is produced only in the anterior half of the embryo

Fibroblast cells are a good model system for studying muscle differentiation because A. they are totipotent B. they never differentiate into muscle cells in a normally developing animal C. they can differentiate into muscle cells in a normally developing animal D. they express a limited number of genes E. they have a small genome

B. they never differentiate into muscle cells in a normally developing animal

As part of your senior thesis, you are to isolate an apoptosis inhibitor from plants. You believe you have found such a molecule. If you treat plant embryos with your putative apoptosis inhibitor, which of the following structures would not be formed correctly? A. phloem B. tracheids C. sieve tube elements D. companion cells E. epidermis

B. tracheids

In a normal fruit fly, the second thoracic segment has wings and the third thoracic segment has halteres (small knobbed structures that act as a balance and guidance system). The fruit fly shown below is a mutant in which the third thoracic segment produces wings instead of halteres. This abnormal fly has a mutation in which of the following? A. a maternal effect gene B. a gap gene C. a homeotic gene D. a segment polarity gene

C. a homeotic gene

Which of the following phrases INCORRECTLY completes the following statement? The Hox complexes of mammals A. encode genes homologous to those found in the antennapedia and bithorax complexes. B. follow the colinearity rule. C. are located on a single chromosome, similar to what is seen in Drosophila. D. determine cell fate on the anteroposterior axis. E. suggest there is a basic body plan that is followed by all multicellular organisms.

C. are located on a single chromosome, similar to what is seen in Drosophila.

Davis, Weintraub, and Lasser found three genes that are involved in muscle differentiation by A. eliminating all the gene candidates that were expressed in both muscle and nonmuscle cells. B. finding all the genes that were expressed in common between two different muscle cell lines. C. cloning all the genes that were expressed only in muscle cell lines to determine if any of these genes could cause non-muscle cells to differentiate into muscle cells. D. mutating genes expressed only in muscle cells to see if differentiation could be prevented.

C. cloning all the genes that were expressed only in muscle cell lines to determine if any of these genes could cause non-muscle cells to differentiate into muscle cells.

Maternal effect genes A. are all found on the X chromosome B. are expressed only in female offspring C. encode for proteins that get translated upon fertilization to establish concentration gradients that span the egg D. are expressed only in male offspring because they are homozygous E. are expressed when exposed to high concentrations of estrogen

C. encode for proteins that get translated upon fertilization to establish concentration gradients that span the egg

An unusual red sponge is discovered near a deep-sea vent. You want to determine if this is a new species of sponge, so you separate the cells for further study. A new lab assistant accidentally adds cells from a blue sponge to your preparation while you are at lunch. When you return, you find that the sponge cells have reaggregated into a multicellular organism. What do you see if the red and blue sponges are the same species? A. one sponge with a red side and a blue side B. one blue sponge and one red sponge C. one sponge with blue and red randomly distributed D. one purple sponge (mix of red and blue colors) E. one sponge with alternating red and blue layers of cells

C. one sponge with blue and red randomly distributed

You discover two species of sponge, one red and one blue, near a deep sea vent. You genetically engineer the red sponge to produce the same CAMs as the blue sponge. You then take each sponge - the blue sponge and the engineered sponge - dissociate their cells, and mix the red and blue cells together. Which of the following will you most likely observe? A. one sponge with a red side and a blue side B. one blue sponge and one red sponge C. one sponge with blue cells and red cells randomly distributed D. a bunch of red and blue cells that stay dissociated E. one sponge with alternating red and blue layers of cells

C. one sponge with blue cells and red cells randomly distributed

Which of the following is a similarity between plant and animal development? A. cell migration occurs during both plant and animal development B. both plant and animal development rely on morphogens deposited in the oocyte C. the developmental patterns of both plants and animals rely on transcription factors D. both plants and animals have numerous somatic cells that are totipotent E. both plant and animal development use a group of homeotic genes called MADS box genes

C. the developmental patterns of both plants and animals rely on transcription factors

If you isolate a pancreatic beta cell and put it in the proper growth conditions, it will divide by mitosis and produce new beta cells, but it will not produce pancreatic alpha cells or pancreatic cells that release digestive enzymes. The pancreatic beta cell is A. totipotent B. impotent C. unipotent D. multipotent E. pluripotent

C. unipotent

You want to determine the function of a vertebrate gene by creating a mutant strain. Which of the following model organisms would be most suitable for your study? A. Caenorhabditis elegans B. Arabidopsis thaliana C. Danio rerio D. Drosophila melanogaster E. Caenorhabditis elegans, Danio rerio, and Drosophila melanogaster would all be suitable

D. Drosophila melanogaster

Homeotic genes A. encode transcription factors B. regulate developmental genes C. are unique to fruit flies D. encode transcription factors that regulate developmental genes E. are unique to fruit flies and encode transcription factors that regulate developmental genes

D. encode transcription factors that regulate developmental genes

Organisms develop a normal morphology because cells can receive and interpret A. extracellular positional information B. intracellular positional information C. signals from other developing organisms D. extracellular and intracellular positional information E. extracellular positional information, intracellular positional information, and signals from other developing organisms

D. extracellular and intracellular positional information

Transcription factors control which of the following phases of pattern formation in the human embryo? A. formation of body axes and segmentation B. segmentation and development of segment characteristics C. segmentation, development of segment characteristics, and cell differentiation D. formation of body axes, segmentation, development of segment characteristics, and cell differentiation E. cell differentiation

D. formation of body axes, segmentation, development of segment characteristics, and cell differentiation

Which of the following is NOT accurate regarding the Bicoid protein? A. it is a morphogen B. it is a transcription factor C. it activates genes when it reaches a concentration threshold D. if affects the posterior part of the Drosophila embryo E. it activates gap genes

D. if affects the posterior part of the Drosophila embryo

Which of the following is NOT accurate about the shoot apical meristem? A. its central zone maintains actively dividing cells B. it gives rise to stems, leaves, and flowers C. its peripheral zone contains dividing and differentiating cells D. it is found in the central region of the seedling E. it has an organizing center that preserves the correct number of stem cells

D. it is found in the central region of the seedling

Which of the following types of cells is matched with the wrong stem cell category? A. embryonic stem cells: pluripotent B. embryonic germ cells: pluripotent C. hematopoetic stem cells: multipotent D. myeloid cell: unipotent E. zygote: totipotent

D. myeloid cell: unipotent

Which of the following relationships is INCORRECT? A. maternal effect genes activate gap genes B. gap genes activate pair-rule genes C. pair-rule genes regulate segment polarity genes D. segment polarity genes regulate pair-rule genes E. maternal effect genes activate pair-rule genes

D. segment polarity genes regulate pair-rule genes

You genetically engineer an Arabidopsis plant to have a mutation in gene B. Which of the following phenotypes would you expect to see as a result of this mutation? A. petals - petals - stamen - stamen B. sepals - petals - sepals - petals C. sepals - petals - stamens - carpel D. sepal - sepal - carpel - carpel E. carpels - carpels - stamen - stamen

D. sepal - sepal - carpel - carpel

A normal Arabidopsis flower is composed of four concentric whorls. Which of the following is the correct order of whorls, starting from the outside and moving in? A. carpels - stamens - petals - sepals B. stamens - carpels - sepals - petals C. petals - sepals - carpels - stamens D. sepals - petals - stamens - carpels E. carpels - petals - sepals -stamens

D. sepals - petals - stamens - carpels

Which of the following statements about stem cells is NOT accurate? A. stem cells can undergo mitosis B. some stem cells can differentiate into more than one type of specialized cell C. different types of stem cells vary in their potency D. stem cells are only found in embryos E. some stem cells can only differentiate into one cell type

D. stem cells are only found in embryos

Apical-basal patterning genes are expressed in A. the basal region B. the apical region C. the central region D. the apical, basal, and central regions E. the apical and basal regions.

D. the apical, basal, and central regions

If an Arabidopsis plant does not express homeotic genes during flower development A. the plant will die B. the plant will only develop to the heart stage C. the plant will not develop cotyledons D. the plant will develop leaves instead of flowers E. the plant will develop flowers instead of leaves

D. the plant will develop leaves instead of flowers

You are working in a Drosophila lab, and find a larva with two anterior ends. Both a normal larva and the mutant larva are shown below. What is the most likely explanation for the mutant larva phenotype? A. there is a mutation in the bicoid gene causing no functional Bicoid protein to be made B. the nurse cells that produce the Bicoid protein are defective, so there is no protein at either end of the embryo C. there is a mutation in a homeotic gene D. there is a high concentration of the Bicoid protein at both ends of the mutant embryo E. a protein encoded by a segment polarity gene is not degraded correctly and accumulates in both ends of the embryo

D. there is a high concentration of the Bicoid protein at both ends of the mutant embryo

Pair-rule genes A. are activated by segment polarity genes B. are activated by maternal effect genes C. are expressed in alternating stripes D. are activated by pair-rule genes and by maternal effect genes E. are activated by maternal effect genes and expressed in alternating stripes

E. are activated by maternal effect genes and expressed in alternating stripes

The morphology of plants is determined A. by cell division at the tip of the shoots and cell elongation at the tip of the roots B. by cell division at the tip of the roots and cell elongation at the tip of the shoots C. by cell elongation at both the tip of the shoots and the roots D. by cell death (apoptosis) along the radial axis E. by cell division at both the tip of the shoots and the roots

E. by cell division at both the tip of the shoots and the roots

Morphogen distribution inside a cell A. is homogeneous B. can be established prior to fertilization of the oocyte C. can arise due to localized secretion by neighboring cells D. is dependent on CAMs E. can arise due to localized secretion by neighboring cells and occur prior to fertilization

E. can arise due to localized secretion by neighboring cells and occur prior to fertilization

At least some of the cells of a mammalian heart in the final phase of development would most likely be A. undergoing apoptosis B. dividing rapidly C. expressing segmentation genes D. expressing cardiac-specific transcription factors E. either undergoing apoptosis or expressing cardiac-specific transcription factors

E. either undergoing apoptosis or expressing cardiac-specific transcription factors

Which of the following are incorrectly matched? A. gene A, sepal formation, whorl 1 B. gene B, petal formation, whorl 2 C. gene E petal formation, whorl 2 D. gene C stamen formation, whorl 3 E. gene B carpel formation, whorl 4

E. gene B carpel formation, whorl 4

A mutation of a segmentation gene can result in all of the following EXCEPT A. duplication of body parts B. missing body regions C. replacement of one body part with another D. altered expression of homeotic genes E. incorrect establishment of body axes

E. incorrect establishment of body axes

Which of the following is NOT a desirable characteristic of a model organism used to study development? A. short generation time B. small size C. large oocytes D. produces many offspring E. large genome

E. large genome

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a morphogen? A. a morphogen will only elicit effects in areas where it is at a high enough concentration B. morphogens are distributed asymmetrically throughout the cell C. morphogens can be secreted to act on neighboring cells D. morphogens can cause cell death E. morphogen gradients are always established in the oocyte

E. morphogen gradients are always established in the oocyte

The organizational phases of development are regulated by A. transcription factors B. morphogens C. segmentation genes D. morphogens and transcription factors only E. morphogens, transcription factors, and segmentation genes

E. morphogens, transcription factors, and segmentation genes

In Drosophila, the hunchback gene encodes a protein (HB) that is required in the correct concentrations for proper segmentation of the embryo. In the zygote and embryo, the expression of hunchback is stimulated by high concentrations of Bicoid protein. You manipulate a Drosophila embryo to have high Bicoid concentrations throughout. Which of the following would occur? A. the HB protein would not be produced at all B. the HB protein would be produced throughout the entire embryo C. segmentation would not occur correctly D. the HB protein would not be produced at all and segmentation would not occur correctly E. the HB protein would be produced throughout the entire embryo and segmentation would not occur correctly

E. the HB protein would be produced throughout the entire embryo and segmentation would not occur correctly

Future kidney cells and heart cells can differentiate into their respective specialized cell types because A. they express a different set of genes during development B. they possess different genes C. they arise from different embryonic stem cells D. they utilize different transcription factors E. they express different genes and utilize different transcription factors during development

E. they express different genes and utilize different transcription factors during development

Survivin is an apoptosis inhibitor in humans. If the survivin gene is mutated and a non-functional Survivin protein is made, which of the following would be the most likely effect on limb formation? A. mitosis of the limb bud cells would not occur B. cells would not migrate to their correct position C. cell determination would not occur D. cell differentiation would not occur E. webbing between digits would not be removed

E. webbing between digits would not be removed

T//F A myeloid progenitor cell can differentiate into immune cells of the blood and lymph systems.

FALSE

T/F A cell's fate is determined while the cell is differentiating.

FALSE

T/F Adult stem cells are always unipotent.

FALSE

T/F The bicoid gene is a homeotic gene that encodes a transcription factor.

FALSE

T/F The molecular structure of invertebrate homeotic genes differs significantly from that of mammals.

FALSE

T/F Both embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cells are pluripotent.

TRUE

T/F Most transcription factors that are active in early development are morphogens.

TRUE