PSYC 312 Exam 3 Connect Questions

which of the following statements about self-conception is most likely to be made by a child rather than an adolescent?

"i am a girl. i have 2 brothers. i like to read."

At which of the following ages would you expect susceptibility to peer pressure to be the greatest?

14 years of age

When Lenny gets frustrated or upset, he turns to his peers rather than his parents for support. As a matter of fact, Lenny relies on his peers more than his parents for most things. Lenny is probably from:

A permissive home

Individuals are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they see the behavior as:

A personal choice rather than an ethical dilemma

In late adolescence, the emotional reactions to challenges in relationships can be explained by all of the following except A) Delayed physical maturation B) Adolescent egocentrism, such as the personal fable C) The process of social identity D) The amygdala developing before the prefrontal cortex

A) Delayed physical maturation

Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents?

Adolescents are able to see their parents as people.

Kristie believes that her parents are too strict and has decided not to abide by their rules. She refuses to do her chores around the house and breaks curfew every night. Kristie is probably from:

An authoritarian home

Who would argue that the physical changes of puberty cause substantial disruption and conflict inside the family system?

Anna Freud

In contrast with younger adolescents, older adolescents:

Are more likely to challenge authority and argue that laws should be reexamined.

Advanced levels of moral reasoning are indicative of which parenting style?

Authoritative

Which type of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents?

Authoritative

In early and middle adolescence, adolescents become more _____ with respect to parents, and more _____ with respect to peers

Autonomous ; Conformist

Cara hates that her mother always asks her where she is going and who she is hanging out with. Cara's attempts to keep secrets are her attempt to establish:

Autonomy

The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called

Autonomy

Jane has decided not to go along with her friends and drink after school. She realizes that this is wrong, and decides not to give in to the peer pressure. What type of autonomy is Jane exhibiting?

Behavioral

Before Shirley fills out her course registration for fall semester, she asks her parents which courses they think she should take. Shirley also consults the guidance counselor at school as well as some of her close friends. She weighs their suggestions, then enrolls in the courses that seem best suited to her educational goals. Which type of autonomy is Shirley expressing?

Behavioral Autonomy

Which aspect of autonomy involves the capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them?

Behavioral Autonomy

How do self-conceptions change between childhood and late adolescence? Be sure to define the term "self-conception" and describe how adolescents use abstraction, differentiation, and organization to describe themselves. Give an example of how each of these three qualities affects self-conception.

Between childhood and adolescence, self-conceptions become more abstract, more differentiated, and better organized. An example of growing abstraction would be the increased use of psychological characteristics in an individual's self-descriptions (for example, saying that he is outgoing). An example of growing differentiation would be the use of self-descriptions that distinguish between behaviors in different situations (such as saying that when he is with his family he is less shy than when he is with his friends or with members of the opposite sex). An example of increased organization would be the more coherent integration found in adolescents' self-descriptions than in those of children. For instance, a child might say, "I am loud, and I am shy." A teenager might present a similar thought in a more organized way: "When I meet people, I am often shy, but once I feel comfortable with them, I can get really rowdy."

Which of the following statements about self-conception is most likely to be made by a child rather than by an adolescent? A) "I am a complicated person." B) "Most people think I'm very secure, but really I'm pretty shy." C) "I am a girl. I have two brothers. I like to read." D) "I am honest. I am helpful. I am friendly."

C) "I am a girl. I have two brothers. I like to read."

Research on religious changes during adolescence indicates that:

Children are more strict observers of religious customs.

Healthy individuation and positive mental health are fostered by _____ family relationships

Close

The transformation in religious thinking during adolescence can be best understood as part of the overall development of ________ autonomy.

Cognitive

Mrs. Smith is unable to accept her son's long hair and loud music. She responds to his individuality by devaluing and judging rather than questioning and probing. What type of behavior is Mrs. Smith demonstrating?

Constraining

Seth and his father are discussing politics. Seth says that the government is a corrupt institution and should be overthrown. His father responds, "That's the dumbest thing I've ever heard! What are you, some kind of moron?" This type of interaction can be characterized as:

Constraining Behavior

A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation is functioning at which level of moral development?

Conventional

Mark complains to his mother that there is nothing wrong with drinking a little beer because, "Everyone my age does it once in a while." Mark's level of moral development would be described as:

Conventional stage

Researchers have found that prosocial moral reasoning:

Correlates positively with both prosocial behavior and attitudes toward helping others

In middle adolescence, the function of dating shifts and provides an opportunity for all of the following except: A) Experimenting in group and casual dating situations B) Practicing dating scripts C) Developing a sense of romantic self D) Establishing a monogamous, long-term relationship

D) Establishing a monogamous, long-term relationship

During adolescence, the importance of religion:

Decreases

During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure _________ and the strength of peer pressure _________.

Decreases ; Increases

Viggo says to his friends, "You know, sometimes my Dad is wrong and I tell him so and I give him my opinion. I didn't use to do that when I was younger—I used to think that everything he said was right." Viggo is demonstrating:

Deidealization of parents

In classical psychoanalytic theories, the process of separation that occurs during early adolescence is referred to as:

Detachment

Recent research indicates that _______ has negative effects on adolescents' mental health, whereas _________ has positive ones.

Detachment ; Individuation

Over the course of adolescence, individuals come to _____ prosocial acts that are done for _____ reasons

Devalue ; Self-serving

When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs?

During college

Karen's parents have noticed that throughout Karen's adolescent years, their relationship has transformed. What type of autonomy is Karen expressing?

Emotional

Peter is noticing changes in the expression of affection and distribution of power in his relationships with his parents. He is less likely to rush to them with a problem, and is spending more time with his friends. What type of autonomy is developing with Peter?

Emotional

As Barbara moves into adolescence, her relationship with her mother and father changes. She is becoming less dependent on them and more dependent on herself. She also realizes that her parents are not always right. Which type of autonomy is Barbara expressing?

Emotional Autonomy

Which type of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's close relationships?

Emotional Autonomy

Parents who exhibit _____ behavior facilitate more healthy autonomous development, whereas parents who exhibit _____ behavior have difficulty accepting their child's individuality

Enabling ; Constraining

When Ramon expresses a view that differs from his father's, Ramon's father asks his son to clarify the statement and he probes his son's logic. Ramon's father is:

Enabling his son's autonomy

Feldman and her colleagues have found evidence for variations in autonomy expectations as a function of:

Ethnicity

Susceptibility to social pressure is likely to result in ___

False confessions by adolescents if confronted with fake "evidence."

Research suggests that adolescents _________ are the most likely to be susceptible to peer pressure.

From families in which parents are strict and make decisions for their adolescent

Individuals who oppose trying juvenile offenders as adults often base their arguments on findings that:

Generally speaking, adolescents do not have the same decision-making competence as adults.

Carrie's parents have repeatedly told her not to pierce her belly button despite her argument that all of her friends are getting their belly buttons pierced. Carrie's urge to pierce her navel probably stems from:

Her desire to conform to her peers.

Susceptibility to antisocial peer pressure is _____ among relatively _____ acculturated Latino adolescents than their _____ acculturated peers

Higher ; more ; less

In contrast to the psychoanalytic perspective, many researchers today assert that a late adolescent who is gradually and progressively sharpening his/her sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one's parents is developing a sense of:

Individuation

Tyler's parents comment that his 1st year in college has been very good for him because he has learned to accept responsibility for his actions. Tyler's parents are describing:

Individuation

Emotional autonomy develops best when parents encourage _______ and _______.

Individuation; emotional closeness

Who is more likely to begin the process of individuation first: Jeanne, whose parents have been divorced for 5 years, or Paul, whose parents are married?

Jeanne

The sexual behavior of adolescents who have talked about sex with their parents is ________ compared to the sexual behavior of adolescents who have not talked to their parents about sex:

Less influenced by peer pressure

As a child, Joe doesn't understand that he simply cannot take the things he wants. As he gets older, he comes to understand about the concept of ownership. This change is an example of:

Moral development

Albert always follows the clothing trends his friends start at school. Carl ignores the trends at school and strictly adheres to his parents' guidelines for dressing. Which adolescent is genuinely autonomous

Neither Albert nor Carl

Parents who use a lot of psychological control are best characterized as being

Overprotective & Intrusive

Critics of Kohlberg's theory have asserted that reasoning morally is not the same as behaving morally. Research addressing these concerns has found that:

People reason about life-and-death dilemmas in ways that parallel their reasoning about moral dilemmas they encounter in their daily lives

Craig is always the first to go along with the deviant activities his friends suggest. With which style of parenting was Craig probably raised?

Permissive

Which type of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficulty complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends?

Permssive

Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of _____

Personal taste

The dominant perspective of moral development is grounded in _____ theory.

Piaget's cognitive

According to Kohlberg, at which level of moral reasoning would someone who saw society's rules and conventions as relative and subject be at:

Post-conventional

According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called

Pre-conventional

Postconventional reasoning also has been referred to as:

Principled moral reasoning

Youth advocates argue that adolescents over age 16 should have the right to seek health care services without parental knowledge or consent because these adolescents:

Reason in ways that are significantly more sophisticated than younger adolescents

There are two components of religious development: (1) _____, which refers to the religious practices one engages in; and (2) _____, which refers to one's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the mean of life.

Religiously ; Spiritually

Issues of autonomy

Reoccur throughout the life span

When asked what a guilty person should do when being interrogated by police, younger adolescents are more likely than older adolescents to say:

The person should confess

How do self-conceptions change between childhood and late adolescence? Be sure to define the term "self-conception" and describe how adolescents use abstraction, differentiation, and organization to describe themselves. Give an example of how each of these three qualities affects self-conception.

The term "self-conception" refers to the ways in which individuals think about themselves or the attributes and characteristics they cite in describing themselves. For example, a teenage male may say that he is good at math, a football player, and reasonably attractive.

During late adolescence, individuals define their religious beliefs based on:

Their own system of personal religious beliefs

Typically, adolescents who rebel against their parents or authorities do so because:

They are conforming to their peers

As individuals transition from adolescence into adulthood and progress through the process of individuation, they increasingly:

View lying to their parents as unacceptable

when two people who have the potential to be romantic partners engage in a nonsexual relationship, this is known as

a platonic friendship

it appears that daniel is uninfluenced by his childhood relationship with his mother. for example, even though his mother wasn't around much during his childhood, instead of being upset, daniel says "no big deal, i didn't need her anyway." an attachment theorist would most likely describe daniel as having

an anxious-avoidant attachment

Involvement in delinquent activity may lead to ________ in self-esteem, perhaps because involvement in delinquency ________.

an increase ; earns teenagers approval from certain peers

involvement in delinquent activity may lead to ____________ in self-esteem, perhaps because involvement in delinquency __________.

an increase; earns teenagers approval from certain peers

an adolescent's desire for autonomy may actually have an evolutionary basis, which reflects

an individual's desire to increase his or her opportunity for reproduction outside the family

adolescent females are more likely than their male peers to settle disagreements with friends by

apologizing

approximately what percentage of american adolescents has been the victim of dating violence, and which gender is more likely to be the victim?

approximately 40% of american adolescents have been the victim of dating violence and make and female adolescents are equally likely to be the victim

it is important to keep in mind that an individual's relationships with parents, siblings, peers, and romantic partners

are correlated

the psychological domain concerning the development and expression of influence is called

autonomy

kalyani spends a lot of time with her boyfriend, but she also makes sure she has enough time at home to relax and get her homework done. kalyani most likely

balances autonomy and connectedness in her relationship with her parents

when college students were asked to rate the most important criteria for deciding when someone is ready to get married, what was the most consistently endorsed item?

capacity for intimacy

adolescents spend more time _________ than anything else

communicating with their friends

during late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure

decreases

kwame is a 16-year-old male. he spends most of his free time alone. his peers seldom invite him to spend time with them, and, even when they do, he often declines. despite being lonely much of the time, he rarely tries to make friends of socialize, as he fears rejection. it is likely that kwame

does not experience a typical reaffiliation motive

for adolescent girls, dating often provides context for the _____________, while for adolescent boys it is more often a context for the ____________

expression of intimacy; development of intimacy

Recently, maddie, a 15-year-old from the U.S., has begun wearing more makeup and is choosing to wear dresses rather than jeans or tracksuits. what would a psychologist probably call this behavior?

gender-stereotypic behavior

If an adolescent is making a decision regarding long-term occupational plans, he or she is likely to go to ___________ for advice.

his or her parents

An important aspect of having a healthy self-concept is to be able to balance one's ________ self with one's ________ self.

ideal ; feared

an important aspect of having a healthy self-concept is to be able to balance one's ___________ self with one's __________ self

ideal; feared

As children approach adolescence, children become somewhat _____oriented toward their parents; and _____ oriented toward their peers, and peer pressure begins to _____.

less ; more ; escalate

madeline is a fairly religious adolescent. much of the research on religion and adolescence would suggest that madeline would be

less likely to use drugs or engage in premarital sex

which of the following qualities in a friend would likely be more important to sarah, a 14-year-old female, than to her 8-year-old sister, dinah?

loyalty

intimate relationships of adolescents

may include a variety of people and types of interactions

which of the following adolescents is most likely to attribute issues like poverty or unemployment to individual factors, rather than societal factors?

milo, who lives in a poor, rural area

in general, which of the following relationships tends to be the closest?

mother-daughter relationship

which of the following is a shift that is notices in the political thinking of adolescents as they mature

movement away from obedience

research studies have indicated that the extent to which parents grant their children autonomy depends on the constellation of sons and daughters in the home and

parents' attributes toward sex roles

an individual who sees society's rules and conventions as relative and subjective is at which stage of moral reasoning?

post-conventional

which child is probably experiencing the need to be intimate with a friend of the same age for the first time?

randy, who is 11

dating among adolescents is largely a

recreational activity

The concept of dating in early adolescence is best characterized by

shared activities within a larger group

the extent to which an individual receives emotional or instructional assistance from his or her friends, family, and acquaintances is called _________ support

social

with age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices, and not just immediate ones. these improvements seem to be due to which of the following?

the decline in the extent to which decisions are influenced by their potential immediate rewards

which of the following is one theory as to why individuals develop autonomy during adolescence?

the physical changes of puberty trigger changes in the adolescent's emotional relationships at home

your professor has asked you to take part in a study that will examine moral development in male and female adolescents. based on previous research, which of these conclusions would you expect to see in this new research?

there will probably be more differences in moral development within groups of boys and groups of girls than there will be between boys only groups and girls only groups

which statement concerning adolescents' ability to see their parents as people is true?

this aspect of emotional autonomy often develops later in adolescents' relations with their fathers than with their mothers

emilio is a teenager who generally respects his parents. on which of the following issues, however, is emilio most likely to side with his riends and against his parents?

where to take his girlfriend on a date

the paradox of adolescent autonomy is that

whereas adolescents today are expected to be increasingly autonomous psychologically, they are now less autonomous economically