Chapter 19

Which are tunicate characteristics?

-Notochord -Tadpole-like larval stage -Dorsal nerve cord

The process by which a particular body plan is made is called BLANK formation.

Pattern

Predict the outcome if the mitotic spindle is centrally located in a dividing cell.

The daughter cells will be equal in size.

Alterations that do not change a cell's DNA but are stable across cell divisions are known as BLANK changes.

epigenetic

Which processes aid morphogenesis?

-Cell division -Differentiation -Cell death

Which of the following are correct statements about development?

-Development encompasses multiple life stages. -Development is a systematic process. -Development is gene-directed.

Match each germ layer with its origin.

-Endoderm From cells of the vegetal pole -Ectoderm From cells of the animal pole -Mesoderm From cells of the animal pole that are interacting with cells from the vegetal pole

Select the reasons why C. elegans is used as an animal model in developmental genetics.

-It is transparent. -The adult organism is made of fewer than 1000 cells. -The fate of each cell is the same in every individual, except cells that will become gametes.

Which of the following criteria must be met in order to call a cell totipotent?

-It must be able to give rise to an entire organism. -It must be able to produce every cell type of the adult organism.

Select the correct statements regarding the differentiation of muscle cells.

-Muscle cells enlarge and may retain several nuclei. -The MyoD1 gene initiates the process of muscle cell differentiation. -Myoblasts are undifferentiated muscle cells.

Which of the following are echinoderms?

-Sea urchins -Sand dollars

Select the true statements about cell determination.

-Some changes involved in determination can only be observed by experimentation. -Molecular mechanisms decide the fate of cells in development.

Which of the following are characteristics of plant but not animal development?

-The whole organism is assembled from a few types of modules. -Development accommodates local circumstances.

Which are characteristics of human ES cells?

-They are made from embryos. -They are pluripotent.

Which are features of gap genes?

-They encode transcription factors. -Hunchback is a member of this group. -They help to subdivide the embryo.

Which of the following statements are true regarding hES?

-They have the potential to produce any cell type found in adults. -They are human stem cells

Select characteristics of epigenetic changes.

-They must be reversed to allow a nucleus from a differentiated cell to direct development. -The changes are stable across generations of cells.

Select the correct statements regarding MADS-box genes.

-They play a role in postmitotic animal muscle cells. -There are more than 100 MADS-box genes in some plants.

Which structures are dependent on cell death for their expected final appearance?

-human toes -human fingers

Significant changes in the ______ of animal cells accompany differentiation.

-shape -size

Place the stages in the development of a fruit fly in order from earlier to later stages.

1) Fertilized Oocyte 2) Embryo 3) Larva 4) Pupa 5) Adult

In Drosophila, the establishment of A/P and D/V polarity is due to how many different genetic pathways?

2

How many larval stages does a fruit fly go through during development?

3

What is expected to occur during embryogenesis in Drosophila?

A larva forms

In humans, red blood cells and the multiple types of white blood cells are derived from one type of cell that is found in the red bone marrow. That original cell is an example of which of the following?

A stem cell

Two morphogens in fruit fly development are BLANK and BLANK.

BICOID AND NANOS

Why are stem cells important in human medicine?

Because they can be used to produce cells which can replace cells that have died due to disease or injury

The formation of the A/P axis during Drosophila development is due to the proteins BLANK and BLANK.

Bicoid and Nanos

Which of the following is the first subprocess in development?

Cell division

Mammary sheep cells and egg cells were fused in a process called somatic BLANK, BLANK, BLANK in 1996 at.The Roslin Institute in Scotla

Cell nuclear transfer

During cell differentiation which of the following occurs?

Cells exhibit spatial and temporal differential gene expression.

Most cells in a multicellular organisms differentiate during development and become specialized to perform a certain task. What is the fundamental molecular mechanism that drives differentiation?

Different cells express different genes at different times.

In Drosophila, the process of going from a fertilized egg to a larva is called BLANK.

Embryogenesis

The extent or route of cell migration may be controlled by which of the following?

Extracellular matrix

During the cleavage period of development there are tremendous increases in the size of the organism.

False

True or false: Cells created in therapeutic cloning can be used for multiple patients.

False

True or false: The coned sheep "dolly" was sterile.

False-she had six lambs

A group of nine genes that help to establish the initial subdivision of the Drosophila embryo along the A/P axis are called BLANK genes.

Gap

Match each Drosophila body region to the number of segments present in that region.

Head-3 fused segmeants Thorax-3 Abdomen-8

Alterations in timing of developmental events due to a genetic change are called BLANK.

Hetercrony

Mutations in BLANK genes lead to the formation of normal body parts in inappropriate places.

Homeotic

The BLANK gene refers to the homeobox-containing gene that specifies the identity of a body part.

Hox

Mast mutations that affect developmental regulatory genes are which of the following?

Lethal

The number and functional diversity of BLANK-box genes is much greater in plants than in animals.

MADS

Which of the following occurs in homeotic mutants?

Normal structures appear in unexpected places.

Loss of Bicoid produces a fruit fly embryo with which of the following?

Only posterior sides

In a multicellular organism, the body plan is produced by what process?

Pattern formation

If an embryo has an identifiable anterior-posterior axis, and a dorsal-ventral axis, it can be said to have which of the following?

Polarity

The acquisition of axial differences in development is called BLANK.

Polarity

Biocoid and Nanos are which of the following?

Proteins

Which process is utilized in reproductive cloning?

SCNT

The determination of structures along the A/P axis in Drosophila embryos is established by the sequential activation of three classes of BLANK genes.

Segmentation

Different cleavage patterns in animal embryos are determined by differences in mitotic BLANK placement.

Spindle

Which of the following describes the knox genes?

They are a family of Hox genes found in plants.

True or false: hES have the potential to produce any cell type found in the tissues of an adult human.

True

Structures that are fixed in location and size are characteristic of _______ development, while modular structures are characteristic of _________ development.

animal; plant

The bicoid mRNA anchored in the cytoplasm at the end of the Drosophila oocyte closest to the nurse cells develops into the BLANK end of the embryo.

anterior

Which is the first stage of development to yield blastomeres?

cell division

A molecular decision to become a particular type of differentiated cell is called BLANK cell .

determination

A molecular decision to become a particular type of differentiated cell is called cell BLANK.

determination

A molecular decision to become a particular type of differentiated cell is called cell _____________.

determination

The process of systematic, gene-directed changes through which an organism forms the successive stages of its life cycle is known as

development

The process of systematic, gene-directed changes through which an organism forms the successive stages of its life cycle is known as BLANK .

development

Caenorhabditis BLANK is a favored research organism in part because it consists of only 959 transparent somatic cells, with the developmental history of each cell identified back to the fertilized egg.

elegans

Pluripotent stem cells that are derived in the laboratory are called BLANK cells.

embryonic stem

Cell migration involves interactions between cells and other cells as well as between cells and the Blank.

extracellular matrix

Cells that express a target gene regulated by Oct4 and Sox2 are named iPS which stands for BLANK BLANK BLANK cells.

induced pluripotent stem

The process by which a cell or a group of cells governs the developmental fate of other adjacent cells is known as BLANK.

induction

Although distinct from those of animals, plants also possess Hox genes which are involved in development. Which of the following is an example of plant Hox genes?

knox genes

Unlike animals, plants may add modules to their structure at any time because they possess BLANK.

meristems

The generation of the form (anatomical features) of an organism is called

morphogenesis

Indirectly developing species of Echinoidea go through a larval stage called a BLANK.

pluteus

Plant roots and flowers have a _______ organization, while most animals have _______ symmetry.

radial; bilateral

The process that utilizes SCNT to create an animal that is genetically identical to another animal is called

reproductive cloning

Cells that have not yet become determined for only a single cell fate and can still divide and differentiate are called BLANK cells.

stem

Embryonic BLANK cells can be used to treat diseases and injuries that involve cell and tissue death.

stem

Creating a patient-specific line of stem cells is called BLANK cloning.

theraputic

A BLANK stem cell can produce all of the cell types of an organism, including the extraembryonic membranes, and give rise to an entire organism.

totipotent

Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 BLANK are factors and have been shown to reprogram fibroblast cells in culture.

transcription

The HOx gene functions as BLANK factors with DNA-binding domains encoded by a homeobox.

transcription

True or false: Cell death is an important part of development.

true-

A marine invertebrate in the phylum Chordata with a simple, sac-like body is a BLANK.

tunicates

A developing animal begins as a fertilized egg, or BLANK , that must undergo cell division to produce the new individual.

zygote