Chapter 19 Bio 228 Test

myocardial infarction

heart attack

capillaries

exchange between blood and air sacs called alveoli of the lungs or the blood in systematic cells

lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary semilunar valve

systematic circulation is the movement of?

oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart

the right side of the heart ______

receives deoxygenate blood from the body and pumps it into the lungs

what is the basic pattern of blood flow?

right side-lungs-left side-systematic cells of the body-back to the right

T wave electrical change

ventricular repolarization

venous return is the volume of blood returned to the heart

via the great veins related to stroke volume

parasympathetic and sympathetic axons extend from the?

cardiac center to the heart

what is similar to skeletal muscle contraction

cardiac muscle contraction

Myocardium is composed of

cardiac muscle tissue

-is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute -is the product of heart rate and stroke volume

cardiac output

artery

carries blood away from the heart

vein

carries blood toward the heart

anchor AV valves to papillary muscles

chordae tendineae

vessels that transport oxygenated blood to the wall of the heart are

coronary arteries

is the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself

coronary circulation

blood loss and extremely rapid heartbeat =

decrease SV

parasympathetic stimulation

decreases heart rate , no effect on contraction force

if blood is moving toward the heart it is

deoxygenated

coronary veins transfer

deoxygenated blood away from the heart wall

pulmonary circulation is the movement of?

deoxygenated blood through the right side of the heart

brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off semilunar valves

diacritic notch

right and left coronary (in atrioventricular groove), marginal, circumflex, and anterior interventricular arteries

arteries

coronary arteries become narrowed and occluded with plaque a condition called

atherosclerosis coronary heart disease

are the receiving chambers of the heart

atria

PQ segment is associated with the

atrial plateau at the sarcolemma when the cardiac muscle cells and atria are contracting

delays the impulse approximately 0.1 second

atrioventrical node

lie between the atria and the ventricles, they prevent back flow into the atria when ventricles contract

atrioventricular valves (AV)

each side of the heart has a receiving chamber _______ and a pumping chamber _________

atrium and ventricle

heart rate and strength of contraction are regulated by the

autonomic nervous system (cardiac center, medulla oblongata)

-Initiate action potentials -Have unstable resting potentials called pacemaker potentials -Use calcium influx (rather than sodium) for rising phase of the action potential

autorhythmic cells

unequal amounts of fluid in the blood

edema

body tissues are generally served by one artery

end artery

The left AV valve is called?

bicuspid or mitral

endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface

endocardium

visceral layer of the serous pericardium

epicardium

cardiac muscle has

extensive blood supply -numerous myocardium -myglobin and kreatin -relies on aerobic cell respiration -it needs a lot of energy -the range of spiral bundles atria contracts, cells compress the walls to move blood into ventricles

Job is to drop off oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide

heart

what are associated with the closing of heart valves?

heart sounds

ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart

heart valves

slow heartbeat and exercise increase venous return to the heart=

increasing SV

nodule cells and SA pacemaker cells do what?

initiate heart beat by depolarization to initiate action potential

early diastole

isovolumetric relaxation

desmosomes

junctions to prevent cardiac muscles from pulling apart

what are the great vessels?

large arteries/ veins directly attached to the heart

LAC (coronary arteries, left side of the heart)

left coronary artery, interior inerventricular artery, circumflex artery

the aorta transforms blood from?

left ventricle

normal heart sound is called?

murmur

cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart

myocardium

angina pectoris

notch in your side

the vents of the cardiac muscle cells

occur twice per heart beat, first in atria and then ventricle

P wave reflex electrical changes

of atrial depolarization in the SA node

cardiac cycle

one heart beat

the left side receives ______

oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

stimulation is mediated by acetylcholine and opposes the SNS

parasympathetic nervous system

gap junctions

pathway for ions allow action potential

double walled sac around the heart composed of: A -superficial fibrous pericardium -A deep two-layer serous pericardium -it also protects the heart, prevents overfilling of the heart with blood, allows for the heart to work in a relatively friction free environment

pericardium

amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood

preload

RaMP(3 major coronary arteries, right side of the heart)

right coronary artery, marginal artery, posterior inter ventricular artery

pulmonary trunk transfers blood from?

right ventricle

Scaring of a valve cusps so that become ridged or partially fused and cannot open completely

valvular stenosous

are the discharging chambers of the heart

veins

small cardiac, anterior cardiac, and great cardiac veins

veins

what are the three major blood vessels?

veins, capillaries, and arteries

QRS complex electrical changes

ventricular depolarization

mid-to-late diastole

ventricular filling

ST segment is the

ventricular plateau when the cardiac muscle cells and ventricles are contracting

cardiac muscle cells have a resting membrane potential of

-90 mv

Congestive heart failure is caused by:

-Coronary atherosclerosis -Persistent high blood pressure -Multiple myocardial infarcts -Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Fetal heart structures that bypass pulmonary circulation

-Foramen ovale connects the two atria -Ductus arteriosus connects pulmonary trunk and the aorta

cardiac muscle appears

-striated -nucleated discs

conduction system

1. action potential is distributed through out both atria and is related to the Av node 2. action potential is delayed at the Av node 3. action potential travels through the av node to the av bundle to the purkinje fibers 4. action potential spreads throughout both ventricles via gap junction

a sympathetic reflex initiated by increased blood in the atria

Atrial (bainbridge) Reflex

formula for cardiac output

CO=HR*SV

electrical activity is recorded by

ECG

amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole

EDV(end diastolic volume)

amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction

ESV(end systolic volume)

dominates the autonomic stimulation, slowing heart rate and causing vagal tone

PNS

-Right atrium- tricuspid valve- right ventricle -Right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries , lungs -Lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium -Left atrium , bicuspid valvee, left ventricle -Left ventricle , aortic semilunar valve, aorta -Aorta , systemic circulation

Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs

pacemaker of the heart is called

SA node (sinatriol node)

fast regular heart rate

Tachyarrhythmia

back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart

after load

lies between the left ventricle and the aorta

aortic semilunar valve

sympathetic innervation does what?

rises the T1-T5 spinal cord extends to SA and AV nodes in the myocardium, increase the heart rate and heart contraction also coronary arteries become dilated these vessels to support blood flow to the myocardium

prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles

semilunar valves

generates impulses about 75 times/minute

sinoatrial node

is the amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat

stroke volume

is activated by stress, anxiety, excitement, or exercise

sympathetic nervous system

if blood is moving away from the heart

than it is oxygenated

Hormones epinephrine and thyroxine, do what to the heart?

they increase heart rate

what is another name for the right AV valve?

tricuspid valve

The heart is about the size of your fist? true or false?

true