Chapter 19 Bio 228 Test
myocardial infarction
heart attack
capillaries
exchange between blood and air sacs called alveoli of the lungs or the blood in systematic cells
lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary semilunar valve
systematic circulation is the movement of?
oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart
the right side of the heart ______
receives deoxygenate blood from the body and pumps it into the lungs
what is the basic pattern of blood flow?
right side-lungs-left side-systematic cells of the body-back to the right
T wave electrical change
ventricular repolarization
venous return is the volume of blood returned to the heart
via the great veins related to stroke volume
parasympathetic and sympathetic axons extend from the?
cardiac center to the heart
what is similar to skeletal muscle contraction
cardiac muscle contraction
Myocardium is composed of
cardiac muscle tissue
-is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute -is the product of heart rate and stroke volume
cardiac output
artery
carries blood away from the heart
vein
carries blood toward the heart
anchor AV valves to papillary muscles
chordae tendineae
vessels that transport oxygenated blood to the wall of the heart are
coronary arteries
is the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself
coronary circulation
blood loss and extremely rapid heartbeat =
decrease SV
parasympathetic stimulation
decreases heart rate , no effect on contraction force
if blood is moving toward the heart it is
deoxygenated
coronary veins transfer
deoxygenated blood away from the heart wall
pulmonary circulation is the movement of?
deoxygenated blood through the right side of the heart
brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off semilunar valves
diacritic notch
right and left coronary (in atrioventricular groove), marginal, circumflex, and anterior interventricular arteries
arteries
coronary arteries become narrowed and occluded with plaque a condition called
atherosclerosis coronary heart disease
are the receiving chambers of the heart
atria
PQ segment is associated with the
atrial plateau at the sarcolemma when the cardiac muscle cells and atria are contracting
delays the impulse approximately 0.1 second
atrioventrical node
lie between the atria and the ventricles, they prevent back flow into the atria when ventricles contract
atrioventricular valves (AV)
each side of the heart has a receiving chamber _______ and a pumping chamber _________
atrium and ventricle
heart rate and strength of contraction are regulated by the
autonomic nervous system (cardiac center, medulla oblongata)
-Initiate action potentials -Have unstable resting potentials called pacemaker potentials -Use calcium influx (rather than sodium) for rising phase of the action potential
autorhythmic cells
unequal amounts of fluid in the blood
edema
body tissues are generally served by one artery
end artery
The left AV valve is called?
bicuspid or mitral
endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface
endocardium
visceral layer of the serous pericardium
epicardium
cardiac muscle has
extensive blood supply -numerous myocardium -myglobin and kreatin -relies on aerobic cell respiration -it needs a lot of energy -the range of spiral bundles atria contracts, cells compress the walls to move blood into ventricles
Job is to drop off oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide
heart
what are associated with the closing of heart valves?
heart sounds
ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart
heart valves
slow heartbeat and exercise increase venous return to the heart=
increasing SV
nodule cells and SA pacemaker cells do what?
initiate heart beat by depolarization to initiate action potential
early diastole
isovolumetric relaxation
desmosomes
junctions to prevent cardiac muscles from pulling apart
what are the great vessels?
large arteries/ veins directly attached to the heart
LAC (coronary arteries, left side of the heart)
left coronary artery, interior inerventricular artery, circumflex artery
the aorta transforms blood from?
left ventricle
normal heart sound is called?
murmur
cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart
myocardium
angina pectoris
notch in your side
the vents of the cardiac muscle cells
occur twice per heart beat, first in atria and then ventricle
P wave reflex electrical changes
of atrial depolarization in the SA node
cardiac cycle
one heart beat
the left side receives ______
oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body
stimulation is mediated by acetylcholine and opposes the SNS
parasympathetic nervous system
gap junctions
pathway for ions allow action potential
double walled sac around the heart composed of: A -superficial fibrous pericardium -A deep two-layer serous pericardium -it also protects the heart, prevents overfilling of the heart with blood, allows for the heart to work in a relatively friction free environment
pericardium
amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood
preload
RaMP(3 major coronary arteries, right side of the heart)
right coronary artery, marginal artery, posterior inter ventricular artery
pulmonary trunk transfers blood from?
right ventricle
Scaring of a valve cusps so that become ridged or partially fused and cannot open completely
valvular stenosous
are the discharging chambers of the heart
veins
small cardiac, anterior cardiac, and great cardiac veins
veins
what are the three major blood vessels?
veins, capillaries, and arteries
QRS complex electrical changes
ventricular depolarization
mid-to-late diastole
ventricular filling
ST segment is the
ventricular plateau when the cardiac muscle cells and ventricles are contracting
cardiac muscle cells have a resting membrane potential of
-90 mv
Congestive heart failure is caused by:
-Coronary atherosclerosis -Persistent high blood pressure -Multiple myocardial infarcts -Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
Fetal heart structures that bypass pulmonary circulation
-Foramen ovale connects the two atria -Ductus arteriosus connects pulmonary trunk and the aorta
cardiac muscle appears
-striated -nucleated discs
conduction system
1. action potential is distributed through out both atria and is related to the Av node 2. action potential is delayed at the Av node 3. action potential travels through the av node to the av bundle to the purkinje fibers 4. action potential spreads throughout both ventricles via gap junction
a sympathetic reflex initiated by increased blood in the atria
Atrial (bainbridge) Reflex
formula for cardiac output
CO=HR*SV
electrical activity is recorded by
ECG
amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole
EDV(end diastolic volume)
amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction
ESV(end systolic volume)
dominates the autonomic stimulation, slowing heart rate and causing vagal tone
PNS
-Right atrium- tricuspid valve- right ventricle -Right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries , lungs -Lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium -Left atrium , bicuspid valvee, left ventricle -Left ventricle , aortic semilunar valve, aorta -Aorta , systemic circulation
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs
pacemaker of the heart is called
SA node (sinatriol node)
fast regular heart rate
Tachyarrhythmia
back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart
after load
lies between the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic semilunar valve
sympathetic innervation does what?
rises the T1-T5 spinal cord extends to SA and AV nodes in the myocardium, increase the heart rate and heart contraction also coronary arteries become dilated these vessels to support blood flow to the myocardium
prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles
semilunar valves
generates impulses about 75 times/minute
sinoatrial node
is the amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat
stroke volume
is activated by stress, anxiety, excitement, or exercise
sympathetic nervous system
if blood is moving away from the heart
than it is oxygenated
Hormones epinephrine and thyroxine, do what to the heart?
they increase heart rate
what is another name for the right AV valve?
tricuspid valve
The heart is about the size of your fist? true or false?
true
