Chapter 19 history

cottage industry

Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.

public sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, & political issues

Enlightenment

An intellectual and cultural movement in late 17th and 18th century Europe and is colonies that use rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty , religious tolerance, gender roles, and rational difference

Law of Inertia

A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.

Copernican hypothesis

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.

law of universal gravitation

Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Philosophers

A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment.

Example of enlightenment absolutism

Enlightenment ideals & absolute rulers

What do we see in the scientific revolution?

Many old beliefs about the natural world debunked. These replaced by new deductions made as a result of science

Salons

Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Enlightened Abolutism

Term coined By historians to describe the rule of eighteenth century monarchs who without renouncing their all absolute authority adopted enlightenment ideals a rationalism, progress, and tolerance

What was Jewish at this point ?

A nation without a country

Haskalah

A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.

General Will

A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have replaced the power of the monarch.

Empiricism

A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.

sensationalism

An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas are produced as a result of sensory impressions.

Deism

Belief in distant, noninterventionist deity,shared by many enlightenment thinkers

What did Fredrick the great believe ?

Free speech, religious tolerance, fair trials and no torture

Enclosure

The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.

Economic Liberalism

The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market suffices to improve living conditions, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.